Jicamarca IS Radar

Contact Persons: The general contact is Jorge (Koki) Chau (jchau@jro.igp.gob.pe)
For drift data prior to March 1995 contact Wesley Swartz (wes@ee.cornell.edu)
for drift data after March 1995 contact Erhan Kudeki (e-kudeki@uiuc.edu)
for recent Faraday rotation data (Ne, Te, Ti) contact David Hysell (dlh37@cornell.edu)
and for bistatic coherent E-region data (Ne) contact David Hysell (dlh37@cornell.edu)

Web Pages:
The Jicamarca web page for plots and some data is at http://jro.igp.gob.pe
http://jro.igp.gob.pe/database/oblique/html/isr_oblique_frame.htm for Faraday plots
http://jro.igp.gob.pe/database/drifts/html/drifts_incoherent_frame.htm for drift plots
http://jro.igp.gob.pe/database/bistatic/html/bistatic_frame.htm for bistatic Ne plots
This is the Database for ion drift velocities taken during MISETA campaigns from Sep 1994 to the present (plots, binaries, some CEDAR DB ascii): http://skylite.csl.uiuc.edu/jro-isr
(Erhan Kudeki, e-kudeki@uiuc.edu)
This is the Database for Faraday data (Ne, Te, Ti, H+ comp) taken between October 1996 and present taken between October 1996 and present (plots, CDB ascii), and also for JULIA and imaging at Jicamarca: http://landau.geo.cornell.edu
(David Hysell, dlh37@cornell.edu)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS for the Incoherent Scatter Radar: The Jicamarca Radio Observatory is a facility of the Instituto Geofisico del Peru and is operated with support from National Science Foundation Cooperative Agreements through Cornell University.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS for the Bistatic Data (ISR and Paracas Receiver): The Jicamarca Radio Observatory and the Paracas receiver stations are facilities of the Instituto Geofisico del Peru and are operated with support from National Science Foundation Cooperative Agreements through Cornell University.

  1. Instrument/Model Description
  2. References
  3. Old Faraday (Ne, Te, Ti) Plots (1966-1969)
  4. New Faraday (Ne, Te, Ti) Plots (1984, 1996-present)
  5. Old Drift (Vi) Plots (1984-1995)
  6. New Drift (Vi) Plots (1994-present)
  7. Bistatic (kinst=11) Coherent Radar E-Region Ne Plots (2004-present)

Also have JULIA (Jicamarca Unattended Long-term Investigations of the Ionosphere and Atmosphere) coherent scatter radar data of Vi=ExB F region drifts from the 150-km echoes.

Instrument/Model Description

The 50 MHz incoherent scatter radar at Jicamarca, Peru (11.95 S, 76.87 W; 520 m alt) has been operating since 1963. On day 359 of 2001 at the ground, the apex magnetic lat,lon were (0.58, -5.12) deg. The magnetic inclination and declination angles were 1.145 deg and 0.367 deg. The magnetic local time at 0 UT is ~1835 MLT.

There are three basic types of operating modes for the incoherent scatter radar:

  1. Faraday rotation to obtain electron densities (Ne) and electron (Te) and ion temperatures (Ti)
  2. the drift mode
  3. the bistatic coherent radar mode (E-region Ne above Paracas)
In the CEDAR Data Base, there are old Faraday rotation results between 1966 and 1969, and then recent results starting in 1996, although the technique was revived in the 1980's and the Database has electron densities only for June 26-29, 1984.

The drift mode, which finds perpendicular east and north (near vertical) ion drifts, has data from 1984 to the present. The analysis scheme to derive the drifts was changed starting in September of 1994 with a resulting increase in the data quality. Hard copies of time series plots of the older ion drifts are available upon request from NCAR.

The bistatic coherent radar experiment involves the 50 MHz transmitter at Jicamarca and a reciever at Paracas (13.85 S, 76.25 W), which is about 200 km south of Jicamarca. E region (~95-110 km) electron density data are available using a 4 microsecond (~0.6 km) pulse length from Mar 2004. This experiment can run concurrently with either the Faraday rotation or the drift mode.

The Drift Mode

Since 1994, incoherent scatter F region plasma drift measurements at Jicamarca have been implemented using a new signal processing approach [KINDAT=1900,1901,1910,1911] replacing the traditional pulse-to-pulse correlation method [KINST=1040,1050] after May 1995. The new method -- based on Doppler spectrum estimation and nonlinear least squares fitting to model spectra obtained from incoherent scatter theory -- improves the instrumental sensitivity remarkably under low S/N (signal-to-noise) conditions. With the new method, it has become possible to obtain very high quality drifts data at nearly all hours of the day throughout most F region heights. Altitude smoothing of the drifts data to reduce measurement noise is no longer necessary, and studies of the height variations of drifts can be preformed with much greater certainty than before Kudeki et al [1999]. Small-amplitude gravity wave oscillations have been detected at F region heights and a vertical circulation of the F region plasma has been observed in the post sunset period Kudeki and Bhattacharyya [1999].

The purpose of the East-West drift experiment is to estimate ExB plasma drift velocities perpendicular to the magnetic field from a pair of measured line of sight drift velocities. The directions of these vector components are zonal towards magnetic east (code 1241) and quasi upward, or perpendicular north to the B field (code 1252). The Jicamarca antenna uses crossed dipoles. In the following, UP and DOWN polarizations refer to the particular element used. In the experiment, reception antennas 1 and 2 which are formed by the NW and SE halves of Jicamarca array on UP polarization, are connected to receivers A and B. They receive returns from the West beam. This beam is formed by the entire array on UP polarization phased for westward beam formation. Antennas 3 and 4, formed by the NW and SE halves of Jicamarca array on DOWN polarization, connected to receivers C and D, respond to returns from the East beam formed by the entire array on DOWN polarization phased for eastward beam formation.

Each beam is about 2.5 degrees off the geomagnetic meridional plane (1.90 degrees to the west and 2.65 degrees to the east at 2001 changing slowly with time as the magnetic field over Jicamarca changes). In 2001, the West beam azimuth and elevation angles have been -64.99 deg and 86.73 deg, while the East beam angles were 50.61 deg and 88.07 deg. The beamwidth is about 0.5 degree. Sixty range gates specified by XPR control panel 0000xpan*csound are probed. A three baud barker code is used with a 6.666 millisecond Inter Pulse Period (IPP). The range resolution is 15 km. The lowest sampled height is 45 km. The altitude (code 110) is calculated using the largest offset from the zenith angle which is 3.27 degrees for the 2 beam experiment.

The radial (line-of-sight) velocities for the two beams are also given. The zonal drift is found from the difference of the 2 beams, while the 'vertical' drift (Vperp North) is found from the sum of the beams. Most of the time two beams have been used. However, there are times where only a perpendicular to B beam is used. Here, only direction 7, the West beam is used, where the azimuth angle is -34.80 and the elevation angle is 88.44 deg such that at some height the radial velocity is perpendicular to the B field (code 1252). In this case, just the 'vertical' drift is obtained (code 1252 = code 1272). The East beam, direction 8 and the zonal drift are thus missing (-32767).

Codes 3200 and 32001 refer to reduced chisquares for the west and east beam incoherent scatter spectral fits. When spectral fitting to the incoherent scatter model fails, the values are set to -32767.

The powers of both coherent and incoherent echoes are given in terms of the log10 of the S/N ratio plus one. (Adding the one makes the log10 0 when the S/N is small.) The drift from incoherent echoes represents the ExB ion drift in the F region. Coherent echoes are caused by satellites, space debris, spread F, 150-km irregularities and equatorial electrojet. The incoherent echoes are processed first, but drifts from weak spread F coherent echoes are also from ExB drifts, although drifts from strong spread F coherent echoes are NOT ExB drifts as shown in Plates 1-3 of [2]. Therefore, drifts are found first from suitable incoherent echoes, and second from suitable coherent echoes, although the drifts from strong coherent echoes are not ExB, and DRIFTS BELOW 200 KM SHOULD NOT BE COMPLETELY TRUSTED. The signal is often saturated below 200 km, and arbitrarily split into incoherent and coherent parts. Velocities from the incoherent power can be found to great precision (small error bars), but in general it is not clear what is being measured below 200 km. Around 45 km in the MST region, the neutral coherent turbulence leads to echoes which are mis-identified as incoherent echoes, but these are not ExB drifts. Sometimes the ExB drifts are good down to 150 km, but INTERPRETATION OF THE DRIFTS BELOW 200 KM SHOULD ALWAYS BE IN PARTNERSHIP WITH THE CONTACT PEOPLE. The contact people should be notified about other data use also, in compliance with the 'Rules of the Road'.

There are two different types of data records. The first type (KINDAT=1910) contains information for every range gate sampled, up to and including the 58th range gate. Range gates 59 and 60 have not been included since returns from these range gates cannot be Barker decoded. All range gates are 15 km wide. Every data value contained in this data file spans a 5 minute interval and has been obtained by integrating the data for 5 minutes. The data are processed in the frequency domain. Returns are classified as coherent or incoherent echoes using a dual power/coherence filter and are processed differently. Least squares estimation is used for incoherent scatter measurements whereas first moment estimation is used to handle coherent echoes. A rigorous description of the incoherent scatter velocity and error estimation technique is in Kudeki et al [1999], along with details of the data processing techniques used.

In KINDAT=1911, the 'vertical' and eastward drifts are averaged over the 24 ranges between 218 km and 577 km. There is a total F-region average over the altitude averaging interval (code 115) of 360 km, as well as six averages over 4 range gates with an effective height resolution (code 115) of 60 km. Weighted averages are computed from the velocity values and error bars determined FROM INCOHERENT ECHOES ONLY in KINDAT=1910 records, thus eliminating velocities from strong spread F coherent echoes that do not represent ExB drifts. The range (code 120) and altitude (code 110) represent midpoints of the various averaging regions.

The traditional pulse-to-pulse correlation method of finding the drifts

In order to determine when the results are good, it is neccessary to look at the correlation profiles of the two beams. Values greater than about 0.3 usually indicate either spread-F or satellite contamination, even though the error bars may be extremely small. Also, if the correlation is very small (~<0.05) in one beam, then the perpendicular ion drift velocities are not reliable. Finally, if the power profiles in the two beam directions are very different, then the velocities are unreliable. The power profiles are raw un-normalized backsacttered power from each beam, but they cannot be used to deduce the electron density sine the beams are perpendicular to the Earth's magneitc field, and so the correlation times in the medium are much longer and become very strong when any field aligned irregularities are present. There can also be Faraday rotation effects that cannot be removed with this particular experiment.

The Faraday Rotation Mode

The Faraday experiment was performed early in the history of the observatory but was discontinued until the mid 1980s, when the computers of the time became sufficiently powerful to tabulate the necessary lag products in real time. It was found that the quality of the experiment could be improved considerably by accounting for and subtracting experimental biases introduced by polarization crosstalk, imperfect quadrature detection, and other subtle effects. These corrections are now routinely made to the data. In the mid 1990s, numerous flaws in the Jicamarca antenna array caused by corrosion were repaired, and the quality of the Faraday data improved still further. In late 1997, the experiment was upgaded with the introduction of a modernized data acquisition system at Jicamarca. Data are now collected with more lags than before and with a full-time duty cycle.

The typical online incoherent integration time for the Faraday experiment is 1 minute. The data made available here have been further integrated during post-processing for 15 minutes. Data with finer time resolution may be obtained from the contact person, David Hysell (dlh37@cornell.edu).

An estimate of the absolute electron density is derived from the measured polarization of the scattered signal. This estimate is used to calibrate the total scattered power so as to yield a robust estimate of the uncorrected electron density at altitudes between approximately 100-1000 km. The calibration is performed by minimizing the RMS discrepancy between the power profile and the Faraday profile. The range of altitudes used to perform the calibration is determined dynamically and changes with geophysical conditions. The power profiles are calibrated but are not corrected for unequal electron and ion temperatures. This is because the data sometimes represent coherent echoes from plasma irregularities, for which such a correction makes no physical sense. Users are free to make the correction themselves in portions of the data uncontaminated by coherent echoes. The formula is:
Ne(corrected) = Ne(uncorrected)*0.5*(1+alpha**2+Te/Ti)*(1+alpha**2)
where alpha**2=7.654e+5 Te/(Ne(corrected)*lambda**2) with Ne's in m-3, Te, Ti, in K, lambda (radar wavelength) in m. For Jicamarca, lambda = 6.0 m precisely. Note that alpha needs the corrected Ne, but using the uncorrected Ne here is a relatively good first approximation.

The autocorrelation function of the scattered signal is also measured. Because of the strong clutter introduced by plasma irregularities in the equatorial electrojet, a double-pulse pattern is used to assemble measurements of the ACF one lag at a time. The length of each pulse is typically 15 km, and the lags of the ACF typically range from 0 to 2 ms in uniform steps of 0.2 ms. Such a technique minimizes the effect of the electrojet clutter, which enters through sidelobes in the antenna pattern. However the accumulation of lag product estimates takes place relatively slowly. It is therefore often impractical to fit the ACFs for more than two parameters simultaneously. Between 0600-2000 LT (1100-0100 UT), the electron temperature Te (code 560) and the ion temperature Ti (code 550) are the fit parameters. Outside of this window, the electron and ion temperatures are assumed to be equal and the parameters fit are Te=Ti and the percentage concentration of H+ (code 660). Note that the failure to allow for minor constituents in the fitting of daytime data produces artificially high ion temperatures at altitudes above the F peak.

Because of the effect of electron Coulomb collisions quantified by Aponte et al (2002), measured electron temperatures are anomalously small when the radar wavevector is directed very close to perpendicular to B. For these experiments, the antenna beam was directed approximately 4.5 degrees off perpendicular. This antenna position appears to mitigate the problem while preserving a useful antenna radiation pattern. The 1960s Faraday rotation temperature ratios Te/Ti, were arbitrarily multiplied by a constant so that Te was always greater than Ti. Complete correction of the electron temperature for Coulomb collisions can be done with all data for which the complete spectra still exist, so some data will be corrected.

The Bistatic Coherent Radar Mode

Since March 2004, data from the Bistatic Coherent Radar Experiment at Jicamarca Radio Observatory have been derived. The transmitter is located at Jicamarca (11.98 deg S, 76.87 deg W) and the receiver is located at Paracas (13.85 deg S, 76.25 deg W) about 200 km south. Because the receiver is not at Jicamarca, a new kinst (11) was assigned to these data. The bistatic coherent radar mode can run concurrently with either the Faraday rotation or the drift mode. Electron densities in the E region (~95-110km) can be found, mostly in the daytime because the electron density (signal strength) is largest then.

Due to the presence of fluctuations above the thermal level, the conventional incoherent scatter radar technique cannot be applied to probe the electrojet region. The radar experiment, therefore, relies on coherent scattering from the electrojet medium instabilities. The theoretical foundation for the radar experiment is the quasilongitudinal approximation of wave propagation in a cold magnetoplasma. The theory relates mathematically electron density to phase angle difference (Faraday angle) between the left and right circularly polarized waves. The significance of the bistatic radar geometry are:

  1. a substantial amount of Faraday angle can be gathered
  2. Bragg's scattering vector is normal to the geomagnetic field, which is a condition for coherent scattering from field aligned irregularities.
Electron density is extracted from the equation shown below by finite differencing the Faraday angle with respect to altitude. Interference from power data have been removed and the phase has been cleaned before the electron density profile is computed.

The formula that relates electron density to Faraday angle is:
d(thetha)=(4.72/f^2)*B*Ne*cos(gamma)sec(phi)*dh
Where d(thetha) is the differential phase angle, f is the radar frequency in MHz, B is the geomagnetic field in Gauss, dh is differential altitude in meters, gamma is the angle between the ray and the geomagnetic field, phi is the zenith angle, and Ne is electron density.

The applicability of the theory to the E-region equatorial ionosphere was tested in a trial bistatic radar experiment in September of 2000. The current bistatic experiment is an improvement of the original version in order to maximize sensitivity and thereby enhance signal-to-noise ratio. Improvement of the following components of the bistatic radar system have been made: transmitter and receiver were swapped (in the original (2000) radar experiment the transmitter was at Paracas and the receiver was in Jicamarca), antenna arrays were enlarged, and pulse mode were modified (the present bistatic experiment transmits Barker codes).

For more information, consult Hysell and Chau (2001) and Ratcliffe (1959). There are summary plots for bistatic data at Jicamarca at http://jro.igp.gob.pe/database/bistatic/html/bistatic_frame.htm, in addition to the plots below.

The Summary Plots

The summary plots are quite different for the different modes used at Jicamarca. Between 1966 and 1969 there are 2-day image plots of the electron density, and the electron and ion temperature. These are plotted as a function of height and time where the time bin is 40 minutes and the height bin is 10 km for the electron density and 40 km for the temperatures. The electron density is calibrated and corrected for temperature effects. These plots are resumed in 1997, but here the electron density is not corrected for temperature effects, and the uncalibrated density is also available. Starting in 1984, the drift mode was used extensively, so the summary plots are of the ion drift in the perpendicular east and north (near vertical) directions in 4 separate 2-day plots per page. The summary plots are divided into Faraday rotation mode and drift mode. Other web sites for Jicamarca plots are listed below.

References are:
N. Aponte, M. P. Sulzer and S. A. Gonzalez, "Correction of the Jicamarca Te/Ti ratio problem: Verifying the effect of electron Coulomb collisions on the incoherent scatter spectrum", 2002 CEDAR Workshop, June 16-21, Longmont, Colorado.
Farley, D. T., Faraday rotation measurements using incoherent scatter, Radio Science, 4, 143, 1969a
Farley, D. T. , Incoherent scatter correlation function measurements, Radio Science, 4, 935, 1969b.
Hysell, D.L. and J. L. Chau, Inferring E region electron density profiles at Jicamarca from Faradar rotation of coherent scatter, Journal of Geophy. Research, 106 (A12), 30,371-30,380, 2001
Kudeki, E., S. Bhattacharyya, and R. F. Woodman, A new approach in incoherent scatter F region ExB drift measurements at Jicamarca, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 28145-28162, 1999.
Kudeki, E. and S. Bhattacharyya, Postsunset vortex in equatorial F-region plasma drifts and implications for bottomside spread-F, J. Geophys. Res., 104(A12), 28,163-28,170, 1999.
Kelley, M.C., "The Earth's Ionosphere - Plasma Physics and Electrodynamics", Academic Press, Inc, 1989.
Pingree, J. E., Incoherent scatter measurements and inferred energy fluxes in the equatorial F region ionosphere, Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, 1990.
Ratcliffe, J. A., Magneto-ionic theory and its applications to the ionosphere, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1959


Old Faraday Rotation Summary Plots for Jicamarca IS Radar (1966-1969)

These data came from a tape deposited with the World Data Center in Boulder and converted to CEDAR Database format by Roy Barnes. The Te/Ti ratio was arbitrarily multiplied by some (unknown?) constant so that Te/Ti>1 in the original tape.
  • Nov 11-Nov 12, 1966 All data for this period
  • Nov 13-Nov 14, 1966 All data for this period
  • Nov 15-Nov 16, 1966 All data for this period
  • Dec 01-Dec 02, 1966 All data for this period
  • Dec 12-Dec 13, 1966 All data for this period
  • Dec 14-Dec 15, 1966 All data for this period
  • Dec 16-Dec 17, 1966 All data for this period
  • Dec 19-Dec 20, 1966 All data for this period
  • Dec 21-Dec 22, 1966 All data for this period
  • Jan 02-Jan 03, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jan 04-Jan 05, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jan 06-Jan 07, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jan 10-Jan 11, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jan 12-Jan 13, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jan 14-Jan 15, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jan 16-Jan 17, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jan 19-Jan 20, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jan 21-Jan 22, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jan 23-Jan 24, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jan 25-Jan 26, 1967 All data for this period
  • Feb 01-Feb 02, 1967 All data for this period
  • Feb 08-Feb 09, 1967 All data for this period
  • Feb 10-Feb 11, 1967 All data for this period
  • Feb 16-Feb 17, 1967 All data for this period
  • Feb 18-Feb 19, 1967 All data for this period
  • Feb 21-Feb 22, 1967 All data for this period
  • Feb 23-Feb 24, 1967 All data for this period
  • Feb 25-Feb 26, 1967 All data for this period
  • Feb 27-Feb 28, 1967 All data for this period
  • Mar 01-Mar 02, 1967 All data for this period
  • Mar 03-Mar 04, 1967 All data for this period
  • Mar 06-Mar 07, 1967 All data for this period
  • Mar 22-Mar 23, 1967 All data for this period
  • Mar 24-Mar 25, 1967 All data for this period
  • Mar 27-Mar 28, 1967 All data for this period
  • Mar 29-Mar 30, 1967 All data for this period
  • Mar 31-Apr 01, 1967 All data for this period
  • Apr 05-Apr 06, 1967 All data for this period
  • Apr 12-Apr 13, 1967 All data for this period
  • Apr 14-Apr 15, 1967 All data for this period
  • Apr 16-Apr 17, 1967 All data for this period
  • Apr 20-Apr 21, 1967 All data for this period
  • Apr 22-Apr 23, 1967 All data for this period
  • Apr 25-Apr 26, 1967 All data for this period
  • Apr 27-Apr 28, 1967 All data for this period
  • May 01-May 02, 1967 All data for this period
  • May 03-May 04, 1967 All data for this period
  • May 12-May 13, 1967 All data for this period
  • May 16-May 17, 1967 All data for this period
  • May 24-May 25, 1967 All data for this period
  • May 26-May 27, 1967 All data for this period
  • May 28-May 29, 1967 All data for this period
  • May 30-May 31, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jun 01-Jun 02, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jun 08-Jun 09, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jun 12-Jun 13, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jun 16-Jun 17, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jun 22-Jun 23, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jun 24-Jun 25, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jun 27-Jun 28, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jul 06-Jul 07, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jul 12-Jul 13, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jul 17-Jul 18, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jul 19-Jul 20, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jul 21-Jul 22, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jul 25-Jul 26, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jul 31-Aug 01, 1967 All data for this period
  • Aug 02-Aug 03, 1967 All data for this period
  • Aug 08-Aug 09, 1967 All data for this period
  • Aug 10-Aug 11, 1967 All data for this period
  • Aug 12-Aug 13, 1967 All data for this period
  • Aug 14-Aug 15, 1967 All data for this period
  • Aug 16-Aug 17, 1967 All data for this period
  • Aug 18-Aug 19, 1967 All data for this period
  • Aug 23-Aug 24, 1967 All data for this period
  • Aug 28-Aug 29, 1967 All data for this period
  • Aug 30-Aug 31, 1967 All data for this period
  • Sep 01-Sep 02, 1967 All data for this period
  • Sep 05-Sep 06, 1967 All data for this period
  • Sep 07-Sep 08, 1967 All data for this period
  • Sep 12-Sep 13, 1967 All data for this period
  • Oct 10-Oct 11, 1967 All data for this period
  • Oct 12-Oct 13, 1967 All data for this period
  • Oct 24-Oct 25, 1967 All data for this period
  • Oct 26-Oct 27, 1967 All data for this period
  • Oct 28-Oct 29, 1967 All data for this period
  • Oct 30-Oct 31, 1967 All data for this period
  • Nov 03-Nov 04, 1967 All data for this period
  • Nov 16-Nov 17, 1967 All data for this period
  • Nov 20-Nov 21, 1967 All data for this period
  • Nov 23-Nov 24, 1967 All data for this period
  • Nov 25-Nov 26, 1967 All data for this period
  • Nov 28-Nov 29, 1967 All data for this period
  • Nov 30-Dec 01, 1967 All data for this period
  • Dec 12-Dec 13, 1967 All data for this period
  • Dec 14-Dec 15, 1967 All data for this period
  • Dec 18-Dec 19, 1967 All data for this period
  • Dec 20-Dec 21, 1967 All data for this period
  • Dec 26-Dec 27, 1967 All data for this period
  • Dec 29-Dec 30, 1967 All data for this period
  • Jan 02-Jan 03, 1968 All data for this period
  • Jan 04-Jan 05, 1968 All data for this period
  • Jan 16-Jan 17, 1968 All data for this period
  • Jan 18-Jan 19, 1968 All data for this period
  • Jan 29-Jan 30, 1968 All data for this period
  • Feb 22-Feb 23, 1968 All data for this period
  • Mar 13-Mar 14, 1968 All data for this period
  • Apr 02-Apr 03, 1968 All data for this period
  • Apr 04-Apr 05, 1968 All data for this period
  • Apr 23-Apr 24, 1968 All data for this period
  • Apr 25-Apr 26, 1968 All data for this period
  • Apr 30-May 01, 1968 All data for this period
  • May 02-May 03, 1968 All data for this period
  • May 15-May 16, 1968 All data for this period
  • May 17-May 18, 1968 All data for this period
  • Jun 05-Jun 06, 1968 All data for this period
  • Jun 11-Jun 12, 1968 All data for this period
  • Jun 20-Jun 21, 1968 All data for this period
  • Jun 24-Jun 25, 1968 All data for this period
  • Jun 26-Jun 27, 1968 All data for this period
  • Jul 01-Jul 02, 1968 All data for this period
  • Jul 08-Jul 09, 1968 All data for this period
  • Jul 10-Jul 11, 1968 All data for this period
  • Jul 12-Jul 13, 1968 All data for this period
  • Jul 16-Jul 17, 1968 All data for this period
  • Jul 22-Jul 23, 1968 All data for this period
  • Jul 24-Jul 25, 1968 All data for this period
  • Jul 30-Jul 31, 1968 All data for this period
  • Aug 06-Aug 07, 1968 All data for this period
  • Aug 08-Aug 09, 1968 All data for this period
  • Aug 26-Aug 27, 1968 All data for this period
  • Aug 28-Aug 29, 1968 All data for this period
  • Sep 03-Sep 04, 1968 All data for this period
  • Sep 05-Sep 06, 1968 All data for this period
  • Sep 13-Sep 14, 1968 All data for this period
  • Sep 23-Sep 24, 1968 All data for this period
  • Oct 07-Oct 08, 1968 All data for this period
  • Oct 09-Oct 10, 1968 All data for this period
  • Oct 15-Oct 16, 1968 All data for this period
  • Oct 17-Oct 18, 1968 All data for this period
  • Oct 21-Oct 22, 1968 All data for this period
  • Oct 23-Oct 24, 1968 All data for this period
  • Oct 31-Nov 01, 1968 All data for this period
  • Nov 02-Nov 03, 1968 All data for this period
  • Nov 04-Nov 05, 1968 All data for this period
  • Nov 06-Nov 07, 1968 All data for this period
  • Nov 19-Nov 20, 1968 All data for this period
  • Nov 21-Nov 22, 1968 All data for this period
  • Dec 03-Dec 04, 1968 All data for this period
  • Dec 16-Dec 17, 1968 All data for this period
  • Dec 18-Dec 19, 1968 All data for this period
  • Dec 20-Dec 21, 1968 All data for this period
  • Dec 23-Dec 24, 1968 All data for this period
  • Dec 27-Dec 28, 1968 All data for this period
  • Dec 30-Dec 31, 1968 All data for this period
  • Jan 07-Jan 08, 1969 All data for this period
  • Jan 28-Jan 29, 1969 All data for this period
  • Jan 30-Jan 31, 1969 All data for this period
  • Feb 17-Feb 18, 1969 All data for this period
  • Feb 19-Feb 20, 1969 All data for this period
  • Feb 24-Feb 25, 1969 All data for this period
  • Feb 26-Feb 27, 1969 All data for this period
  • Feb 28-Mar 01, 1969 All data for this period
  • Mar 04-Mar 05, 1969 All data for this period
  • Mar 06-Mar 07, 1969 All data for this period
  • Mar 17-Mar 18, 1969 All data for this period
  • Mar 19-Mar 20, 1969 All data for this period
  • Mar 25-Mar 26, 1969 All data for this period
  • Mar 27-Mar 28, 1969 All data for this period
  • Apr 03-Apr 04, 1969 All data for this period
  • Apr 10-Apr 11, 1969 All data for this period
  • Apr 12-Apr 13, 1969 All data for this period
  • Apr 14-Apr 15, 1969 All data for this period
  • Apr 16-Apr 17, 1969 All data for this period
  • Apr 22-Apr 23, 1969 All data for this period
  • Apr 24-Apr 25, 1969 All data for this period
  • Apr 28-Apr 29, 1969 All data for this period

    • Revived Faraday Rotation Summary Plots for Jicamarca IS Radar (1980s)
  • Jun 26, 1984 - Jun 27, 1984 All data for this period
  • Jun 28, 1984 - Jun 29, 1984 All data for this period

    • New Faraday Rotation Summary Plots for Jicamarca IS Radar (1996-present)

  • Oct 07, 1996 - Oct 08, 1996 All data for this period
  • Oct 09, 1996 - Oct 10, 1996 All data for this period
  • Oct 11, 1996 - Oct 12, 1996 All data for this period
  • Oct 13, 1996 - Oct 14, 1996 All data for this period
  • Oct 23, 1997 - Oct 24, 1997 All data for this period
  • Oct 28, 1997 - Oct 29, 1997 All data for this period
  • Oct 30, 1997 - Oct 31, 1997 All data for this period
  • Dec 02, 1997 - Dec 03, 1997 All data for this period
  • Dec 04, 1997 - Dec 05, 1997 All data for this period
  • Mar 23, 1998 - Mar 24, 1998 All data for this period
  • Mar 25, 1998 - Mar 26, 1998 All data for this period
  • Mar 27, 1998 - Mar 28, 1998 All data for this period
  • Apr 27, 1998 - Apr 28, 1998 All data for this period
  • Apr 29, 1998 - Apr 30, 1998 All data for this period
  • Jun 23, 1998 - Jun 24, 1998 All data for this period
  • Jun 25, 1998 - Jun 26, 1998 All data for this period
  • Sep 17, 1998 - Sep 18, 1998 All data for this period
  • Sep 20, 1998 - Sep 21, 1998 All data for this period
  • Sep 22, 1998 - Sep 23, 1998 All data for this period
  • Sep 24, 1998 - Sep 25, 1998 All data for this period
  • Sep 26, 1998 - Sep 27, 1998 All data for this period
  • Dec 08, 1998 - Dec 09, 1998 All data for this period
  • Mar 08, 1999 - Mar 09, 1999 All data for this period
  • Mar 10, 1999 - Mar 11, 1999 All data for this period
  • Mar 12, 1999 - Mar 13, 1999 All data for this period
  • Apr 17, 1999 - Apr 18, 1999 All data for this period
  • Apr 19, 1999 - Apr 20, 1999 All data for this period
  • Apr 21, 1999 - Apr 22, 1999 All data for this period
  • Oct 11, 1999 - Oct 12, 1999 All data for this period
  • Oct 13, 1999 - Oct 14, 1999 All data for this period
  • Nov 09, 2000 - Nov 10, 2000 All data for this period
  • Jun 11, 2002 - Jun 12, 2002 All data for this period
  • Jun 13, 2002 - Jun 14, 2002 All data for this period
  • Aug 13, 2002 - Aug 14, 2002 All data for this period
  • Sep 09, 2002 - Sep 10, 2002 All data for this period
  • Sep 11, 2002 - Sep 12, 2002 All data for this period
  • Dec 03, 2002 - Dec 04, 2002 All data for this period
  • Dec 05, 2002 - Dec 06, 2002 All data for this period
  • Aug 25, 2003 - Aug 26, 2003 All data for this period
  • Aug 27, 2003 - Aug 28, 2003 All data for this period
  • Feb 17, 2004 - Feb 18, 2004 All data for this period
  • Feb 19, 2004 - Feb 20, 2004 All data for this period
  • Mar 09, 2004 - Mar 10, 2004 All data for this period
  • Mar 11, 2004 - Mar 12, 2004 All data for this period
  • Apr 14, 2004 - Apr 15, 2004 All data for this period
  • Apr 19, 2004 - Apr 20, 2004 All data for this period
  • Apr 21, 2004 - Apr 22, 2004 All data for this period
  • Apr 28, 2004 - Apr 29, 2004 All data for this period
  • May 17, 2004 - May 18, 2004 All data for this period
  • May 19, 2004 - May 20, 2004 All data for this period
  • Aug 23, 2004 - Aug 24, 2004 All data for this period
  • Aug 25, 2004 - Aug 26, 2004 All data for this period
  • Jun 06, 2005 - Jun 07, 2005 All data for this period
  • Jun 08, 2005 - Jun 09, 2005 All data for this period
  • Oct 03, 2005 - Oct 04, 2005 All data for this period
  • Oct 05, 2005 - Oct 06, 2005 All data for this period

    • Old Drift Summary Plots for Jicamarca IS Radar (1984-1995)

     These are plots of the drifts ~300 km (295-305km).
  • Jan 17-18,19-20,Feb 07-08, 1984,Mar 19-20, 1985 All data for this period
  • Mar 21-22,Apr 23-24,May 23-24,Oct 15-16, 1985 All data for this period
  • Oct 17-18,19-20, 1985,Jan 14-15,16-17, 1986 All data for this period
  • Feb 11-12,Mar 05-06,11-12,13-14, 1986 All data for this period
  • Apr 01-02,03-04,Jul 09-10,Aug 27-28, 1986 All data for this period
  • Sep 23-24,25-26,Oct 29-30,Nov 26-27, 1986 All data for this period
  • Dec 10-11, 1986,Jan 27-28,29-30,Aug 26-27, 1987 All data for this period
  • Sep 21-22,23-24,25-26,Oct 20-21, 1987 All data for this period
  • Nov 24-25, 1987,Jan 12-13,14-15,16-17, 1988 All data for this period
  • Feb 17-18,Mar 16-17,18-19,20-21, 1988 All data for this period
  • Apr 12-13,14-15,21-22,25-26, 1988 All data for this period
  • Apr 27-28,May 17-18,Jun 12-13,14-15, 1988 All data for this period
  • Jul 13-14,Oct 10-11,12-13,14-15, 1988 All data for this period
  • Nov 07-08,09-10,11-12,Dec 05-06, 1988 All data for this period
  • Dec 07-08,09-10, 1988,Apr 11-12,May 09-10, 1989 All data for this period
  • May 30-31,Jun 01-02,03-04,Aug 01-02, 1989 All data for this period
  • Aug 03-04,28-29,30-31,Sep 01-02, 1989 All data for this period
  • Oct 02-03,04-05,06-07,31-Nov 01, 1989 All data for this period
  • Nov 27-28, 1989,Feb 12-13,14-15,16-17, 1990 All data for this period
  • Feb 21-22,23-24,Mar 22-23,May 21-22, 1990 All data for this period
  • Jun 25-26,27-28,29-30, 1990,Mar 13-14, 1991 All data for this period
  • Mar 15-16,18-19,20-21,26-27, 1991 All data for this period
  • Apr 09-10,Jun 12-13,14-15,Jul 01-02, 1991 All data for this period
  • Jul 10-11,12-13,Sep 10-11,Oct 07-08, 1991 All data for this period
  • Dec 04-05,06-07,08-09,10-11, 1991 All data for this period
  • Jan 27-28,29-30,Mar 26-27,29-30, 1992 All data for this period
  • Mar 31- Apr 01,02-03,Jul 31-Aug 01,Aug 02-03, 1992 All data for this period
  • Aug 04-05,Oct 28-29,Nov 23-24, 1992,Mar 17-18, 1993 All data for this period
  • Mar 23-24,25-26,Apr 07-08,21-22, 1993 All data for this period
  • Jun 15-16,Sep 07-08,09-10,Oct 19-20, 1993 All data for this period
  • Oct 21-22,23-24,25-26,27-28, 1993 All data for this period
  • Nov 08-09,10-11,Dec 28-29, 1993,Jan 11-12, 1994 All data for this period
  • Jan 13-14,May 03-04,Aug 10-11,12-13, 1994 All data for this period
  • 1994 Oct 17-Oct 18, Oct 19-Oct 20, Oct 31-Nov 01, Feb 01-Feb 02, 1995 All data for this period
  • 1995 Feb 03-Feb 04, Mar 01-Mar 02, Mar 28-Mar 29, May 01-May 02, 1995 All data for this period
  • 1995 May 03-May 04, May 05-May 06, 1995 All data for this period

    • New Revised Drift Summary Plots for Jicamarca IS Radar (1994-present)

     Eight periods in 1994-1996 were replaced. The F-region averge drifts (218-578 km) only included incoherent echoes (ExB), while the drifts at ~300 km (295-305 km) include the coherent spread F echoes. Thus times when there are drifts at ~300 km but not in the average are usually during times of spread F. Starting in September 2003, the summary plots were only of the drifts around 300 km (295-305 km), since the F-region drifts are similar but much cleaner and without any coherent echoes.
  • 1994 Sep 29-Sep 30, Oct 01-Oct 02, Nov 22-Nov 23, Jan 22-Jan 23, 1996 F-region or 300 km All data for this period
  • 1996 Jan 24-Jan 25, Feb 24-Feb 25, Feb 26-Feb 27, Mar 19-Mar 20, 1996 F-region or 300 km All data for this period
  • 1996 Mar 21-Mar 22, Aug 13-Aug 14, Sep 17-Sep 18, Apr 08-Apr 09, 1997 F-region or 300 km All data for this period
  • 1997 Apr 10-Apr 11, Oct 04-Oct 05, May 26-May 27, May 28-May 29, 1998 F-region or 300 km All data for this period
  • 1998 Jul 15-Jul 16, Oct 19-Oct 20, Oct 21-Oct 22, Dec 14-Dec 15, 1998 F-region or 300 km All data for this period
  • 1999 Jan 12-Jan 13, Feb 09-Feb 10, Feb 11-Feb 12, Sep 15-Sep 16, 1999 F-region or 300 km All data for this period
  • 1999 Sep 17-Sep 18, Oct 12-Oct 13, Mar 14-Mar 15, Mar 16-Mar 17, 2000 F-region or 300 km All data for this period
  • 2000 Apr 11-Apr 12, Apr 13-Apr 14, Sep 24-Sep 25, Sep 26-Sep 27, 2000 F-region or 300 km All data for this period
  • 2000 Sep 28-Sep 29, Oct 11-Oct 12, Oct 25-Oct 26, Oct 27-Oct 28, 2000 F-region or 300 km All data for this period
  • 2000 Oct 29-Oct 30, Dec 11-Dec 12, Dec 13-Dec 14, Dec 15-Dec 16, 2000 F-region or 300 km All data for this period
  • 2001 Apr 17-Apr 18, Apr 19-Apr 20, Jul 10-Jul 11, Jul 12-Jul 13, 2001 F-region or 300 km All data for this period
  • 2001 Jul 14-Jul 15, Sep 17-Sep 18, Sep 19-Sep 20, Dec 10-Dec 11, 2001 F-region or 300 km All data for this period
  • 2001 Dec 12-Dec 13, Dec 14-Dec 15, Mar 18-Mar 19, Mar 26-Mar 27, 2002 F-region or 300 km All data for this period
  • 2002 Apr 15-Apr 16, Apr 17-Apr 18, May 31-Jun 01, Jun 02-Jun 03, 2002 F-region or 300 km All data for this period
  • 2002 Jun 04-Jun 05, 2002 F-region or 300 km All data for this period
  • 2002 Oct 07-Oct 08, Oct 09-Oct 10, Oct 11-Oct 12, 2002 F-region or 300 km All data for this period
  • 2002 Nov 11-Nov 12, Nov 13-Nov 14, Nov 15-Nov 16, 2002 F-region or 300 km All data for this period
  • 2003 Mar 19-Mar 20, Mar 21-Mar 22, Mar 23-Mar 24, 2003 F-region or 300 km All data for this period
  • 2003 Sep 22-Sep 23, Sep 24-Sep 25, Sep 26-Sep 27, 2003 All data for this period
  • 2003 Nov 11-Nov 12, Nov 13-Nov 14, Nov 15-Nov 16, 2003 All data for this period
  • 2003 Dec 16-Dec 17, Dec 18-Dec 19, Mar 16-Mar 17, Mar 18-Mar 19, 2004 All data for this period
  • 2004 Mar 29-Mar 30, Mar 31-Apr 01, Apr 02-Apr 03, 2004 All data for this period
  • 2004 May 10-May 11, May 12-May 13, Jun 08-Jun 09, Jun 10-Jun 11, 2004 All data for this period
  • 2004 Jun 14-Jun 15, Jun 16-Jun 17, Jun 18-Jun 19, 2004 All data for this period
  • 2004 Nov 09-Nov 10, Nov 11-Nov 12, Nov 13-Nov 14, 2004 All data for this period
  • 2005 Mar 22-Mar 23, Mar 28-Mar 29, Mar 30-Mar 31, Apr 01-Apr 02, 2005 All data for this period
  • 2005 Sep 13-Sep 14, Sep 15-Sep 16, Sep 17-Sep 18, Sep 19-Sep 20, 2005 All data for this period
  • 2005 Sep 21-Sep 22, 2005 All data for this period

    • Summary Plots for Jicamarca-Paracas Bistatic Coherent Radar (2004-present)

     The electron density above the reciever at Paracas between 90 and 120 km is plotted over 2-day intervals in bins of 5 min and 1 km. The data in 2005 for Oct 11 and Nov 1 were withheld from the database for further processing.
  • 2004 Mar 19-Mar 20, Mar 21-Mar 22, Mar 23-Mar 24, Mar 26-Mar 27, 2004 All bistatic data for this period
  • 2004 Mar 28-Mar 29, Apr 19-Apr 20, Apr 22-Apr 23, Apr 24-Apr 25, 2004 All bistatic data for this period
  • 2004 Apr 26-Apr 27, Apr 28-Apr 29, Oct 01-Oct 02, Oct 03-Oct 04, 2004 All bistatic data for this period
  • 2004 Oct 08-Oct 09, Oct 10-Oct 11, Oct 17-Oct 18, Feb 07-Feb 08, 2005 All bistatic data for this period
  • 2005 Feb 09-Feb 10, May 11-May 12, May 16-May 17, May 23-May 24, 2005 All bistatic data for this period
  • 2005 Jun 10-Jun 11, Jun 12-Jun 13, Jul 14-Jul 15, Jul 25-Jul 26, 2005 All bistatic data for this period
  • 2005 Oct 20-Oct 21, Oct 22-Oct 23, Oct 27-Oct 28, Oct 29-Oct 30, 2005 All bistatic data for this period
  • 2005 Nov 15-Nov 16, Dec 03-Dec 04, Dec 05-Dec 06, Dec 26-Dec 27, 2005 All bistatic data for this period
  • 2006 Mar 18-Mar 19, Mar 20-Mar 21, 2006 All bistatic data for this period


    • Other I.S. Radars

    Daily Listing for IS/HF Radars

    -Revised 11 Jun 2007 by emery@ucar.edu