Figure 1: Locations of instruments with data in the CEDAR Database as
of June 2007. There are 11 incoherent scatter radar sites: Jicamarca, Arecibo,
MU Shigaraki, Millstone Hill, St. Santin, Kharkov, Irkutsk, Chatanika, Sondrestrom,
EISCAT at Tromsø and EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR). Five of these sites have Fabry-Perot Interferometers with data
in the Database: Arequipa, Arecibo, Millstone, College and Sondre Stromfjord.
Additional Fabry-Perots are located at South Pole, Arrival Heights, Halley, Mt John,
Fritz Peak/Ann Arbor, Peach Mountain, Watson Lake,
Poker Flat, Inuvik, Resolute Bay and Thule.
All-sky imagers are also located at Millstone Hill, Sondre Stromfjord and Platteville. Eleven SuperDARN HF
radars are located at Halley, SANAE, Syowa, Syowa-East, Kerguelen, Kapuskasing, Saskatoon, Goose Bay,
Hankasalmi, Stokkseyri, and Pykkvibaer. Drift data are also available from
digisondes at Qaanaaq and Sondre Stromfjord and the JULIA HF radar at Jicamarca. There are 25 middle atmosphere radars: 2 MST radars
at Arecibo and Poker Flat; 11 MF radars with winds at Scott Base, Davis, Mawson, Christchurch,
Adelaide, Tirunelveli, Yamagawa, Wakkanai, Saskatoon, Poker Flat and Tromsø the LF radar at Collm;
the Atlanta and Durham meteor wind radars; and the ST radars with Meteor Echo Detection And
Collection (MEDAC) capabilities at Christmas Island and Platteville.
Seven of the MF radars (Davis, Adelaide, Yamagawa, Wakkanai, Saskatoon, Poker Flat and Tromsø)
are part of the 14 TIMED-CEDAR MLT radars that provide wind harmonic analyses. The other 7
include 3 meteor radars at Ascension Island, Obninsk and Esrange, and 4
MF radars at Rothera, Rarotonga, Kauai and Platteville.
Lidar data are available for Arecibo, Urbana, Hawaii, Ft. Collins and Logan.
[OH] Michelson Interferometers are located at South Pole, Daytona Beach, Stockholm,
Sondrestrom Fjord, Resolute Bay, and Eureka.
A spectrophotometer at Davis also gives [OH] brightness and temperatures
throughout the night.
Nightly temperatures are available from the [OH] spectrometer at Wuppertal,
and the [OH]/[O2] imager at Ft. Collins which was moved to Maui.
The 4-channel photometers at Poker Flat and Fort Yukon give auroral information.
Vostok is the source of the Vostok Polar Cap Index data.
Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions
(CEDAR) is a program sponsored by the National Science
Foundation (NSF) designed to enhance the
capability of ground-based instruments to measure the upper atmosphere and to
coordinate instrument and model data for the benefit of the scientific
community. The CEDAR Database (formerly the Incoherent Scatter Radar Data
Base) is a cooperative project between the National Center for Atmospheric
Research (NCAR) and several institutions that provide upper atmosphere data and
model output for community use.
In addition, the Database also contains
material useful for analyzing these data: documentation, catalogue information,
geophysical indices, summary plots, analysis software, and computer models.
The purpose of the Database is to make data from these
instruments and models readily accessible for scientific research by the entire
scientific community.
The CEDAR Database is part of the TIMED-CEDAR Data system, where data from
many of the ground-based instruments are a part of the regular CEDAR Database
system. The TIMED Database at the Applied Physics Laboratory at the Johns
Hopkins University and is also linked to the CEDAR Database and other
distributed databases.
Figure 1
shows the locations of instruments that have data in the CEDAR Database.
The following section outlines
the indices, model outputs and instruments that contribute to the
Database, gives the 3-character name and instrument code number(s) (KINST)
used by the Database in the computer files, contact people, links,
suggested acknowledgements and references where required.
The magnetic locations are in apex magnetic
coordinates, which are similar to corrected geomagnetic coordinates,
but are also defined at lower latitudes.
Stations are ordered geographically south to north.
Information is also available for the Ground-based CEDAR-TIMED instruments
, which can also be found on our 'What's New?' page.
The CEDAR Database contact person at NCAR is
Barbara Emery
(emery@ucar.edu;
Tel (303) 497-1596; Fax (303) 497-1589;
HAO/NCAR, P O Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307)
Acknowledgements:
This study made use of the CEDAR Database at the National Center for Atmospheric
Research which is supported by the National Science Foundation.
The CEDAR Database contains only selected data from each
instrument. Coordinated campaign periods, such as World Days,
are particularly emphasized, although data collected on a
regular basis or in clusters with other instruments is also
valuable. Only small amounts of the data have been manually
inspected to remove inevitable bad data values. In addition,
the data are often subject to non-negligible errors arising
from inaccurate assumptions or other uncertainties. The user is
required to contact the data suppliers about the nature,
quality and limitations of the data, and to offer co-authorship,
which is often turned down. Acknowledgements of the instruments
and of the CEDAR Database is required. (See
Rules of the Road.)
The contact people
can also provide information about additional data from each instrument
that is not in the Database. In some cases, these
additional holdings are substantial.
The CEDAR Database contains approximately 23 GB of data on the cedar computer
at NCAR. The
Coverage Table
shows the data currently available as the number of months per year with
observations for each instrument/model between 1966 and 2007.
The complete inventory listing is available on-line from
the Documents section of our web site.
We also have available Summary Plots for all the data.
pfx (170) are particle flux observations from satellites. At
present, these are electron and ion flux observations from the SEM-2
NOAA satellites: NOAA-15, NOAA-16 and NOAA-17. The measurements in the
CEDAR Database go from June 1998 through December 2005, and
are 16-sec integrations of the ion and energy flux
in units of W/m2 with an estimate of the 'characteristic' electron
or ion energy in eV. The 'characteristic' energy is defined as the
energy band that registered the largest energy flux, weighted
by the particle energy fluxes.
The contact person for these data is
David Evans
(david.s.evans@noaa.gov;
Tel (303) 497-3269, FAX (303) 497-3645; SEC/NOAA, 325 Broadway,
Boulder, CO 80303).
Acknowledgements:
The 16-sec NOAA satellite low energy particle flux
and 'characteristic' energy data were provided
by the Space Environment Center, Boulder CO via the CEDAR Database.
Introduction
Data Holdings
Satellite Data
The CEDAR Database has some satellite data, most in the form
of indices such as the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and
solar wind parameters. Other indices are directly related to
the satellite observations of auroral energy particle observations in
the high latitudes. These include the
hemispheric power estimates
and the equatorward boundary of the midnight
auroral oval.
Geophysical Indices
The CEDAR Database has some files of geophysical indices in Database
format. At present, these include Dst, Kp, ap, Ap, solar 10.7 cm flux,
sunspot number, AE indices, Vostok Polar Cap indices, IMF parameters, solar wind parameters,
hemispheric power input estimates from the NOAA and DMSP satellites, and estimates of
the magnetic latitude of the equatorward auroral boundary at midnight from
DMSP satellites. Fortran access subroutines like GETNDCS, which are
discussed in the
Plotting and Printing
section in the
Database Access
section of this catalogue
are available which return specific values given input date and time.
Most geophysical indices do not require acknowledgement of either
the CEDAR Database or any contact person. Exceptions to this are
the Vostok Polar Cap Index and estimates
of the hemispheric power and the midnight equatorward auroral boundary, where
references should be given, copies of publications should be sent to the
contact person, and the CEDAR Database
should be acknowledged if the values are taken from the Database.
imf (120) are Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) and solar plasma data from various satellites. Hourly IMF and plasma data are available from 27 November 1963 to 03 April 2007, while 1 minute IMF data for World Day campaign periods are available from 13 April 1983 to 19 January 1988. The Space Environment Center (SEC) also provides a 1-minute data set, which is like the hourly data set in that it has been time-shifted to the Earth. This data set is available from http://spidr.ngdc.noaa.gov/spidr. The CEDAR Database has these time-shifted 1-min data from September 1992 through April 2003. Data are also available from the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) at http://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ or ftp://nssdcftp.gsfc.nasa.gov/spacecraft_data/omni, which since November 2006 includes time-shifted 5 and 1 minute data from 1995-2006 well as hourly data. IMP-8 plasma data from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is also at ftp://space.mit.edu/pub/plasma/imp/www/imp.html, with real-time values available at ftp://gopher.sec.noaa.gov/pub/lists/ace through the Space Environment Center of NOAA in Boulder for the ACE satellite at the Lagrangian L1 point. Level 2 ACE data appears about 3 months after is is collected at http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/ASC/level2". Aside from the hourly data, the World Day 1 min IMF, and the SEC 1 min values, data at higher time resolution usually contain data from within the magnetosheath and magnetotail as well as data in the solar wind. An exception to this is the ACE satellite since L1 is in front of the Earth's magnetosphere.
ehp (175) are estimates of the low energy auroral hemispheric power from NOAA and DMSP satellites. These were intercalibrated between satellites at NCAR to provide 'corrected' estimates within a factor of two for both NOAA and DMSP, as well as hourly composite estimates of the hemispheric power for each hemisphere. These most recent estimates were revised in November 2006. The contact person for the intersatellite calibrations is Barbara Emery (emery@ucar.edu; Tel (303) 497-1596; Fax (303) 497-1589; HAO/NCAR, P O Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307). The NOAA satellite estimates go from 2 November 1978 to 11 June 2007 with a gap between May 1988 and May 1991. NOAA-18 values were revised in July 2006 and again in March 2007. The contact person for these data is David Evans (david.s.evans@noaa.gov; Tel (303) 497-3269, FAX (303) 497-3645; SEC/NOAA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303). The NOAA satellite hemispheric power estimates can be obtained at http://www.sec.noaa.gov/pmap. Click on 'FTP Site' to get the yearly files which usually go up to the day before. Recent plots are also available on this site. Plots from all the NOAA low energy TED and medium energy MEPED electron and proton instruments are located at the University of Bergen, Norway at http://www.fi.uib.no/%7Ekjellmar/noaa. Acknowledgements: The NOAA Hemispheric Power Index was provided by the Space Environment Center, Boulder CO via the CEDAR Database. The DMSP satellite estimates are available from 1 January 1983 through 12 June 2007, and were completely revised in late 2004 to account for sensor degradations in F8-F15 and re-calibrations for F11-F15. F16 was revised in May 2006. The contact person for the DMSP satellite estimates is Frederick Rich ( frederick.rich@hanscom.af.mil; Tel (781) 377-3857, FAX (781) 377-3160; AFRL/BSBXP, 29 Randolph Road, Hanscom Air Force Base, MA 01731-3010). The DMSP satellite hemispheric power estimates can be obtained at http://cedarweb.hao.ucar.edu/dmsp/dmspssj4_hp.html using a cedar webname and password to get the data. Acknowledgements: The Air Force Research Laboratory Hemispheric Power Index was provided by the USAF Research Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, MA via the CEDAR Database. (Please send a courtesy copy of any publications using the hemispheric power index to Dr. Rich.) References are
Evans, D. S., Global Statistical Patterns of Auroral Phenomena, in Proceedings of the Symposium on Quantitative Modeling of Magnetospheric-Ionospheric Coupling Processes, 325, Kyoto, 1987. Fuller-Rowell, T. J. and D. S. Evans, Height-integrated Pedersen and Hall conductivity patterns inferred from the TIROS-NOAA satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 7606-7618, 1987.
Hardy, D. A. and M. S. Gussenhoven, A statistical model of auroral electron precipitation, J. Geophys. Res., 90, A5, 4229-4248, 1985.
eqb (180) are the "Air force Research Laboratory Auroral Boundary Index" estimates of the midnight equatorward boundary of the aurora from DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) satellites from 1 January 1983 to 12 June 2007. The contact person for these data is Katharine Kadinsky-Cade ( katharine.kadinsky-cade@hanscom.af.mil; AFRL/VSBXS, 29 Randolph Road, Hanscom Air Force Base, MA 01731-3010). The DMSP satellite estimates of the boundary index are at http://cedarweb.hao.ucar.edu/dmsp/dmspssj4_midnit.html using a cedar webname and password to get the data. Acknowledgements: The Air Force Research Laboratory Auroral Boundary Index was provided by the USAF Research Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, MA via the CEDAR Database. (Please send a courtesy copy of any publications using the boundary index to Dr. Kadinsky-Cade.) Two references are
Gussenhoven, M. S., D. A. Hardy and W. J. Burke, DMSP/F2 electron observations of equatorward auroral boundaries and their relationship to magnetospheric electric fields, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 768-778, 1981.
Gussenhoven, M. S., D. A. Hardy and N. Heinemann, Systematics of the equatorward diffuse auroral boundary, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 5692-5708, 1983.
gpi (210) are 3-h Kp and ap; daily sunspot numbers, 10.7 cm solar flux and Ap; and 81 day average 10.7 cm solar flux values from 1 January 1960 to 31 May 2007. These geophysical indices are also available for this period and for earlier years at the World Data Center in Boulder (Tel (303) 497-6475; National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), 325 Broadway, E/GC2, Boulder, CO 80303) or online at http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/stp.html and via anonymous ftp at ftp://ftp.ngdc.noaa.gov in the directory /STP/GEOMAGNETIC_DATA/INDICES/KP_AP.
aei (211) are 1 minute and hourly values of the magnetic indices of AE, AL, AU and AO from 1 January 1978 to 30 June 1988. These are also available from the NGDC sources given above for gpi data. AE indices are also available from the World Data Center C (WDC-C) at the University of Kyoto at http://swdcdb.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/aedir. Provisional 1 minute and hourly values of AE, AL, AU and AO from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 1995 in the CEDAR Database are from WDC-C. Quick-look plots of AE are also available from WDC-C between 1997 and 2006, with daily downloads for data from 1997-2001. The 1997 data had about 5 of 12 stations operating, which increased to about 8 in later years. Missing stations will greatly reduce the values during storms. AE estimates are also calculated in the AMIE technique if high latitude ground magnetometers are used. See AMIE output and contact Barbara Emery (emery@ucar.edu) for the limited list of AMIE campaign dates.
dst (212) are hourly values of the ring current index Dst calculated from lower latitude ground magnetometers between 1 Janaury 1957 to 12 June 2007. The last months of data are 'Quick-Look' or 'real-time', while January 2004 to April 2006 are 'Provisional'. Both the provisional and real-time data were revised in 2006. Dst is available with a 1-day lag from the World Data Center at the University of Kyoto at http://swdcwww.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dstdir.
pcv (220) are 15-min (1978-1979, 1983-1991) and 1-min or hourly (1992 - 31 December 2002) values of the Polar Cap Index (PCI) from Vostok, Antarctica (78.463 S, 106.826 E, 83.3 magS, 3488 m above msl). Recent and archive values are available at the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute of St. Petersburg, Russia at http://www.aari.nw.ru by clicking on 'Geophysical Data', and then on 'PC- index'. The similar Polar Cap Index from Thule, Greenland (77.48 N, 290.83 E, 85.4 magN) can be accessed from http://web.dmi.dk/projects/wdcc1/pcn/pcn.html. The units of the PCI are dimensionless, but can be thought of to be approximately related to the "merging electric field" at the nose of the magnetosphere in mV/m. However, the PCI can be negative for IMF Bz positive conditions, while the merging electric field is zero or greater since the merging takes place in the polar regions instead of the equatorial regions. The contact person is Oleg Troshichev ( olegtro@aari.nw.ru; Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Geophysics Department, Bering Street 38, St. Petersburg, 199226, Russia). Acknowledgements: The Vostok Polar cap Index was provided by the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute of St. Petersburg, Russia via the CEDAR Database. (Please send a courtesy copy of any publications using the boundary index to Dr. Troshichev.) References are
Troshichev, O. A. and G. V. Andrezen, The relationship between interplanetary quantities and magnetic activity in the southern polar cap, Planet. Space Sci., 33, 415-419, 1985.
Troshichev, O. A., V. G. Andrezen, S. Vennerstroem, and E. Friis-Christensen, Magnetic activity in the Polar Cap - a new index, Planet. Space Sci., 36, 1095-1102, 1988.
Vennerstroem, S., E. Friis-Christensen, O. A. Troshichev, and V. G. Andrezen, Comparison between the polar cap index, PC, and the auroral electrojet indices AE, AL, and AU, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 101-113, 1991.
Large Model Output
Various large models have output in the CEDAR Database, and much of
the output is for generic conditions.
The
Rules of the Road
for models are different from those for instrument data.
All models should be referenced and if the model or outputs are taken from
the CEDAR Database, the Database should be acknowledged. Users of the
AMIE and TIGCM models must offer co-authorship and generally work closely
with the modellers.
gcm (310) are outputs from the Thermosphere Ionosphere General Circulation Model (TIGCM) developed by Raymond Roble (roble@ucar.edu; Tel (303) 497-1562, FAX (303) 497-1589; HAO/NCAR, P. O. Box 3000; Boulder, CO 80307) and colleagues. The TIGCM model solves for the neutral and ion temperature and composition, and neutral winds on pressure surfaces between about 97 km and 550 km. Tidal motions in the neutral winds and temperatures were calculated by Cassandra Fesen (fesen@tides.utdallas.edu; Tel (972) 883-2815, FAX (972) 883-2761; Hanson Center for Space Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, POB 830688 MSF022, Richardson, TX 75083-0688). Several TIGCM results are available at http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/research/tiso/tgcm/tgcm.html. A version of the TIGCM called the Thermosphere Ionosphere Nested Grid (TING) model is located at http://gandalf.engin.umich.edu with other Space Weather Aeronautical Response Models (SWARM). The ouputs for the TIGCM in the CEDAR Database are:
a) March 22, 1979 TIGCM neutral and ion winds, temperatures and composition on constant pressure surfaces between about 100 and 500 km every 5 degrees in longitude and latitude at every hour.
b) Twelve TIGCM generic runs for neutral winds, temperatures, and tides. Neutral winds and temperatures are interpolated between 100 and 500 km every 15 degrees in longitude and every 5 degrees in latitude at every hour. A tidal analysis is done for the mean and the first 4 harmonics at 0 UT. There is a generic solar minimum (1976, 10.7 flux=75) and solar maximum (1979, 10.7 flux=195), three seasons (day numbers 80, 172, and 355), and two levels of magnetic activity parameterized with hemispheric power (GW) and polar cap potential drop (kV) (3GW/30kV and 11GW/60kV).
c) Eighteen TIGCM generic runs for neutral winds, temperatures, and tides at 70W only. Same as above except has a third level of higher magnetic activity characterized by 33GW/90kV. 70W is not one of the 24 longitudes in the above runs.
The tides in the CEDAR Database are described in
Fesen, C. G., Geomagnetic activity effects on thermospheric tides: A compendium of theoretical predictions, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 59, 785-803, 1997.General references for the TIGCM model and the older TGCM model
Fesen, C. G., R. G. Roble, and E. C. Ridley, Thermospheric tides simulated by the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere-Ionosphere General Circulation Model at equinox, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 7805-7820, 1993.
Dickinson, R.E., E.C. Ridley, and R.G. Roble, A three-dimensional general circulation model of the thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 1499-1512, 1981.The TIGCM and later models are available for community use for selected studies as described in the section on Theoretical Models.
Roble, R.G., R.E. Dickinson, and E.C. Ridley, Global circulation and temperature structure of thermosphere with high-latitude plasma convection, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 1599-1614, 1982.
Roble, R.G., E.C. Ridley, A.D. Richmond, and R.E. Dickinson, A coupled thermosphere/ionosphere general circulation model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 1325-1328, 1988.
are (311) are output from the Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics (AMIE) procedure developed by Arthur Richmond (richmond@ucar.edu; Tel (303) 497-1570, FAX (303) 497-1589; HAO/NCAR, P. O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307) and colleagues. The AMIE procedure solves for the auroral energy flux and mean energy, the height integrated conductances, and the electric potential and currents at 110 km for specific periods using input data from radars, ground magnetometers, and satellites. Several AMIE results are available at http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/research/tiso/amie/AMIE_head.html or under 'Campaigns' at http://cedarweb.hao.ucar.edu/instruments/cedarplots.html. The AMIE results in the CEDAR Database are:
a) 18-19 January 1984, electric fields and height-integrated Pedersen and Hall conductivities between 50 and 90 degrees every two degrees in magnetic latitude and every hour in MLT, every 10 minutes in UT.b) 23-26 September 1986, electric fields, height-integrated Pedersen and Hall conductivities, and auroral particle energy fluxes and mean electron energies between 50 and 90 degrees every two degrees in magnetic latitude and every hour in MLT, every 10 minutes in UT.
c) 12-16 January 1988, Northern Hemisphere electric fields, height-integrated Pedersen and Hall conductivities, and auroral particle energy fluxes and mean electron energies between 44 and 90 degrees every 2.0 degrees in magnetic latitude and every 60 min in MLT, using data from +/-15.5 min at times centered on DMSP-F08 passes in either hemisphere for Bz positive or small negative, or in the same hemisphere for large Bz negative.
d) 20-21 March 1990, electric fields, height-integrated Pedersen and Hall conductivities, and auroral particle energy fluxes and mean electron energies between 40 and 90 degrees every 1.7 degrees in magnetic latitude and every 40 min in MLT, every 5 minutes in UT.
e) 8-9 November 1991, Northern Hemisphere electric fields, height-integrated Pedersen and Hall conductivities, and auroral particle energy fluxes and mean electron energies between 44 and 90 degrees every 2.0 degrees in magnetic latitude and every 60 min in MLT, using data from +/-5.5 min every 10 minutes in UT.
f) 27-29 January 1992, g) 28-29 March 1992 and h) 20-21 July 1992 Northern Hemisphere electric fields, height-integrated Pedersen and Hall conductivities, and auroral particle energy fluxes and mean electron energies between 40 and 90 degrees every 1.7 degrees in magnetic latitude and every 40 min in MLT, using data from +/-3.5 min every 5 minutes in UT.
A reference for AMIE is
Richmond A.D., and Y. Kamide, Mapping electrodynamic features of the high-latitude ionosphere from localized observations: Technique, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 5741-5759, 1988.The AMIE code is available to those who are willing to spend the time learning how to use it as described in the section on Theoretical Models.
sdt (320) are solar semi-diurnal tides calculated by Jeffrey Forbes (forbes@zeke.colorado.edu; Tel (303) 492-4359, FAX (303) 497-7881; Department of Aerospace and Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Campus Box 429, Boulder, CO 80309) and Francois Vial (vial@ondes.polytechnique.fr; Tel (33) 1-69-33-47-36 x4529, FAX (33) 1-69-33-30-05; LMD/CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau CEDEX, France). The tides are independent of solar cycle, although the nominal year is 1988. There are monthly values every 2 degrees in latitude between 0 and 110 km of the harmonic analysis of the neutral horizontal winds, temperature and geopotential. A reference for these tides is
Forbes, J.M., and F. Vial, Monthly simulations of the solar semidiurnal tide in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 51, 649-661, 1989.These tides were replaced by the solar semi-diurnal tides calculated by the GSWM described below.
sdl (321) are lunar semi-diurnal tides calculated by Francois Vial (vial@ondes.polytechnique.fr; Tel (33) 1-69-33-47-36 x4529, FAX (33) 1-69-33-30-05; LMD/CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau CEDEX, France). and Jeffrey Forbes (forbes@zeke.colorado.edu; Tel (303) 492-4359, FAX (303) 497-7881; Department of Aerospace and Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Campus Box 429, Boulder, CO 80309). The tides are independent of solar cycle with a nominal year of 1993. There are monthly values every 2 degrees in latitude between 78 and 102 km of the harmonic analysis of the neutral horizontal winds, temperature and geopotential. The reference for these tides is
Vial, F. and J. M. Forbes, Monthly simulations of the lunar semidiurnal tide, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 56, 1591-1607, 1994.
gsw (322) are older solar diurnal and semi-diurnal tides calculated by the Global-Scale Wave Model (GWSM) developed by Maura Hagan (hagan@ucar.edu; Tel (303) 497-1537, FAX (303) 497-1589; HAO/NCAR, P. O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307) and colleagues. More information is at http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/research/tiso/gswm/gswm.html along with later results from newer versions of the model. Both ozone and water vapor forcing are included. The nominal year is 1995. There are values for January, April, July and October for every 3 degrees in latitude between 0 and 124 km of the harmonic analysis of the neutral horizontal and vertical winds, and temperature. The reference for these tides is
Hagan, M. E., J. M. Forbes, and F. Vial, On modeling migrating solar tides, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 893-896, 1995.
For incoherent scatter radars (ISR), the primary data contained in the Database are ionospheric electron densities, ion velocities, and electron and ion temperatures. From these a wide variety of other parameters can be deduced or inferred. Basic parameters like electron density are those obtainable from a single measurement, at least in principle, with only minimal assumptions about characteristics of the medium. Derived parameters like the neutral temperature or the vector electric field require additional assumptions, such as an atmospheric density model or an assumption of smooth space/time continuity needed for combining different line-of-sight velocities. Depending on the mode of the experiment and the level of processing, the Database may have any combination of basic and derived parameters for any given radar observing period. Figure 2 shows the basic parameter of electron density shown as several profiles as a function of height above Arecibo, and compared with model estimates.
Figure 2: Electron density profiles measured at Arecibo between 1725 UT and 1835 UT on September 18, 1974. The electron densities computed by the Chiu(C) and IRI(I) models from geophysical conditions present at the time are also plotted for comparison. The right-hand figure shows profiles of the neutral temperature at Arecibo for the time as determined by the IRI-90(I) and MSIS-86(M) models.
Typically at least the electron density, line-of-sight ion velocity, and electron and ion temperatures are available. Some more advanced derived parameters are available, such as exospheric temperatures from St. Santin and some neutral meridional winds from Arecibo, Millstone Hill, and Sondrestrom. As part of the Mesosphere-Lower Thermosphere Coupling Study (MLTCS) campaigns, derived neutral winds and some harmonic analyses of the ion temperature and neutral winds are available for E region altitudes from Arecibo, Millstone Hill and Sondrestrom. All the IS radars contribute to the CEDAR-TIMED data system with coordinated MLTCS campaigns, some with flexible schedules to catch magnetic storms. This includes the recent addition of the Kharkov, Ukraine and the Irkutsk, Russia IS radars initially through the distributed Madrigal Database organized by Millstone Hill ISR and described below.
The IS/HF Daily Listing includes an 'F' or 'D' if there are also Fabry-Perot or ion drift Digisonde data available for that site in the Database. General references for ISR are
Alcaydé, D., editor, Incoherent Scatter Theory, Practice and Science, Technical Report 97/53 from a collection of lectures given in Cargese, Corsica, 1995, EISCAT Scientific Association, 314 pp, November 1997.
Aponte, N., M. P. Sulzer and S. A. Gonzalez, "Correction of the Jicamarca Te/Ti ratio problem: Verifying the effect of electron Coulomb collisions on the incoherent scatter spectrum", science talk at the 2002 CEDAR Workshop, June 17, 2002, Boulder, CO. Blanc, M., Electrodynamics of the ionosphere from incoherent scatter: A review, J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 31, 137-164, 1979.
Evans, J.V., Theory and practice of ionosphere study by Thomson scatter radar, Proc. IEEE, 57, 496-530, 1969.
Evans, J.V., Incoherent scatter contributions to studies of the dynamics of the lower thermosphere, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 16, 195-216, 1978.
Evans, J.V., W.L. Oliver, Jr., and J.E. Salah, Thermospheric properties as deduced from incoherent scatter measurements, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 41, 259-278, 1979.
jro (10) are Jicamarca ISR data from the 50 MHz (6 m) Jicamarca Radio Observatory in Peru (11.9S, 76.0W; 0.73 magN at 520 m above msl), which has operated since 1963. Daytime E-region electron densities from the bistatic data (11) using the receiver station at Paracas (13.85 S, 76.25 W; 1.29 magS at 10 m above msl) about 200 km south of Jicamarca are available since 2004. The Jicamarca Unattended Long-Term studies of the Ionosphere and Atmosphere (JULIA) coherent radar for the study of ionospheric and atmospheric irregularities is discussed in the Ionospheric Doppler Radar section. The general contact person for Jicamarca and the data is Jorge (Koki) Chau (jchau@geo.igp.gob.pe; Tel (51-1) 4364978, FAX (41-1) 4344563; Radio Observatorio de Jicamarca, Instituto Geofisico del Peru, Aparatado 13-0207, Lima, Peru). The contact person for drift data before March 1995 is Wesley Swartz (wes@ee.cornell.edu; Tel (607) 255-7120, FAX (607) 255-6236; School of Electrical Engineering, 316 Rhodes Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853). For ion drift data after March 1995 the contact is Erhan Kudeki (erhan@uiuc.edu; Tel (217) 333-4153, FAX (217) 333-5624; Computer and Systems Research Lab, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801). The data are also available at http://jro.igp.gob.pe and at http://skylite.csl.uiuc.edu/jro-isr. The contact for recent Farady rotation data and bistatic data is David Hysell ( dlh37@cornell.edu; Tel (607) 255-0630, FAX (607) 254-4780; Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, 2108 Snee Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853). with a web site at http://landau.geo.cornell.edu. Faraday rotation data determine the electron density and the ion and electron temperatures. When the beam is directed very close to perpendicular to the magnetic field near the magnetic equator, electron Coulomb collisions result in measured electron temperature values which are anomalously small (Aponte et al., 2002). The older Faraday Te/Ti ratios were corrected with a constant increase, whereas the newer Faraday data were taken 4.5 degrees off perpendicular where the Coulomb collisional effects were mitigated. All data with the original spectral information can now be corrected for the effect of Coulomb collisions. Acknowledgements for the ISR: The Jicamarca Radio Observatory is a facility of the Instituto Geofisico del Peru and is operated with support from National Science Foundation Cooperative Agreements through Cornell University. Acknowledgements for the bistatic data: The Jicamarca Radio Observatory and the Paracas receiver stations are facilities of the Instituto Geofisico del Peru and are operated with support from National Science Foundation Cooperative Agreements through Cornell University.
aro (20) are Arecibo ISR data from the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center in Arecibo, Puerto Rico (18.3N, 66.75W; 29.0 magN). The radar has been in operation since 1963. The contact person is Mike Sulzer (msulzer@naic.edu; Tel (787) 878-2612x258, FAX (787) 878-1861; Arecibo Observatory, PO Box 995, Arecibo, Puerto Rico 00612). The web page is at http://www.naic.edu/menuimag/atmosfer.htm. Acknowledgements: The Arecibo Observatory is operated by Cornell University under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation.
mui (25) are ISR data from the Middle and Upper atmosphere (MU) radar operating since 1986 from Shigaraki, Japan (34.8N, 136.1E; 27.3 magN). A description of the site and sample results from various studies can be found at http://www.kurasc.kyoto-u.ac.jp/index-e.html. The contact person is Shoichiro Fukao ( fukao@kurasc.kyoto-u.ac.jp; Tel (81) 774-33-5343, FAX (81) 774-31-8463; Radio Atmospheric Science Center, Kyoto University, Gokanosyo, Uji, Kyoto 611, Japan). Acknowledgements: The MU radar belongs to and is operated by the Radio Atmospheric Science Center of Kyoto University.
mlh (30, 31, 32) are ISR data from the fixed zenith antenna (32), the steerable antenna (31) or either (30) at Millstone Hill (42.6N 71.5W; 53.1 magN). Millstone is located at Haystack Observatory and has been operated by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology since 1960. The radar frequency is operated between 440.0 and 440.4 MHz (0.681 m). The analysis for MIDAS-W data taken since 2002 was finally completed in March 2006 so better analyses of the recent data have just become available. Many different scan plots for data in the CEDAR Database and for further data at Millstone Hill can be accessed at http://www.haystack.edu by clicking on 'Madrigal Database'. This Madrigal Database also holds data from other IS radars, from several Fabry-Perot Interferometers, and some models and geophysical indices. The CEDAR Database contact person is John Holt (jmh@haystack.mit.edu; Tel (781) 981-5625, FAX (781) 981-5766; MIT Haystack Observatory, Off Route 40, Westford, MA 01886). Acknowledgements: The Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar is supported by the National Science Foundation.
sts (40, 41, 42, 43) are ISR data from the quadristatic system in France operating between 1963 and 1987. The transmitter was located at St. Santin (40) (44.6N, 2.2E; 39.5 magN), with receivers at Nancay (41) (47.4N, 2.2E; 42.9 magN), at Mende (42) (44.5N, 3.45E; 39.3 magN) and at Monpazier (43) (44.7N, 0.8E; 39.7 magN). The contact person is Christine Amory-Mazaudier (mazaudier@cetp.ipsl.fr; Tel (33) 1 48 86 1263 x3378, FAX (33) 1 48 89 4433; CRPE, 4 avenue de Neptune, 94107 Saint-Maur CEDEX, France). Acknowledgements: The extension of the CNET (Centre National d'Etudes des Télécommunications) incoherent scatter facility at St.-Santin to a quadristatic configuration was supported by the Institut d'Astronomie et de Géophysique and by the Direction des Recherches et Moyens d'Essais. The facility is operated with financial support from the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
kkv (45) are ISR data from the Kharkov incoherent scatter radar in Ukraine (49.7N, 36.3E; 45.6 magN) 97 m above sea level. Operations started around 1981. There are two antennas, a zenith antenna and a steerable antenna. The contact person is Vitaly I. Taran (iion@kpi.kharkov.ua, the single e-mail for the Institute; Tel (Fax) +38 0572 451-123; Institute of Ionosphere, 16, Chervonopraporna Str, Kharkov, 61002, Ukraine). Acknowledgements: The Kharkov incoherent scatter radar is operated by the Institute of Ionosphere with support from the National Academy of Science and the Ministry of Education of the Ukraine.
ist (53) are ISR data from the Irkutsk incoherent scatter radar in Russia (52.9N, 103.3E; 48.3 magN), 502 m above sea level. Full operations started in 1996, although there are some single measurements from 1988. Plots and data are also available as part of the Madrigal Database at http://62.76.21.18/cgi-bin/madrigal/madInvent.cgi or via the other URLS in the Madrigal Database system. The contact person is Alexandrovich Zherebtsov (uzel@iszf.irk.ru; Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, P.O. Box 4026, Irkutsk, 664033, RUSSIA, 3952-460265). Acknowledgements: The Irkutsk incoherent scatter radar is supported by the Russian Academy of Science and the Russian Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology.
cht (50) are ISR data from the Chatanika radar in Alaska (65.1N, 147.4W; 65.1 magN) that was operated by SRI International between 1971 and 1982. The radar was then moved to Sondrestrom, Greenland. The contact person is Craig Heinselman (craig.heinselman@sri.com; Tel (650) 859-3777, FAX (650) 322-2318; Geoscience and Engineering Center, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025). Acknowledgements: The Chatanika incoherent scatter radar was supported by the National Science Foundation.
eis (70, 71, 72, 73, 74) are ISR data from the tristatic EISCAT (70) (European Incoherent SCATter) system in Scandinavia in operation since 1981. The transmitter and one receiver are located in Tromsø, Norway (72) (69.58N, 19.23E; 66.4 magN); another receiver is located in Kiruna, Sweden (71) (67.87N, 20.43E; 64.6 magN); and the final receiver is located in Sodankylä, Finland (73) (67.37N, 26.63W; 63.8 magN). These are UHF receivers. There is also a second, independant VHF ISR with transmitter and receiver at Tromsø (74). Plots and data are available at http://www.eiscat.uit.no, or can be accessed via the Madrigal Database from Millstone Hill at http://www.haystack.edu or from SRI http://transport.sri.com/madrigal. World Day runs will be available, but other private EISCAT data sets may not be. The Grenoble EISCAT Database can be accessed at http://www-eiscat.ujf-grenoble.fr with links to the CDPP database with more up-to-date EISCAT and ESR data at http://cdpp.cesr.fr/english/index.html. The CEDAR Database contact person is Tony van Eyken (tony.van.eyken@eiscat.com; Tel (+47) 790-21008, FAX (+47) 790-21977; EISCAT Scientific Association, Box 432, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway). For the acknowlegements, it is sufficient to abbreviate the scientific organizations. They are spelled out here for completeness. Acknowledgements: We are indebted to the Director and staff of EISCAT for operating the facility and supplying the data. EISCAT is an international association supported by Finland (SA, Suomen Akatemia), France (CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Germany (MPG, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft), Japan (NIPR, National Institute for Polar Research), Norway (NFR, Norges forskningsråd) Sweden (NFR, Naturvetenskapliga forskningsrådet) and the United Kingdom (PPARC, Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council).
son (80) are ISR data from the Sondrestrom radar at Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland (67.0N, 51.0W; 73.3 magN). This radar was moved from Chatanika by SRI International and has been operating since 1983. A link to the operations schedule, list of archived data, and summary plots of all the recent data is located at http://isr.sri.com. The Madrigal Database has been recently implemented at SRI to access ISR data, some FPIs and geophysical data at http://transport.sri.com/madrigal. The contact person is Craig Heinselman (craig.heinselman@sri.com; Tel (650) 859-3777, FAX (650) 322-2318; Geoscience and Engineering Center, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025). Acknowledgements: The Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar is supported by the National Science Foundation.
esr (95) are ISR data from the transmitter and receiver of the EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) in Longyearbyen, Norway (78.15N, 16.05E; 75.0 magN), which has been operational since 1996. The links for plots and data are the same as for EISCAT. The contact person is Tony van Eyken (tony.van.eyken@eiscat.com; Tel (+47) 790-21008, FAX (+47) 790-21977; EISCAT Scientific Association, Box 432, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway). The acknowlegements are identical to those for the other EISCAT facilities. Acknowledgements: We are indebted to the Director and staff of EISCAT for operating the facility and supplying the data. EISCAT is an international association supported by Finland (SA, Suomen Akatemia), France (CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Germany (MPG, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft), Japan (NIPR, National Institute for Polar Research), Norway (NFR, Norges forskningsråd) Sweden (NFR, Naturvetenskapliga forskningsrådet) and the United Kingdom (PPARC, Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council).
Most other HF ionospheric doppler radars are organized into a community
called SuperDARN.
Ten of these radars have some data in the CEDAR Database.
The basic SuperDARN parameters are the line-of-sight plasma irregularity
velocity and velocity spread. The former is assumed to be equal
to the ion velocity.
In general, very little SuperDARN HF data are in the CEDAR Database, but can be
obtained from the contact people.
The
IS/HF Daily Listing
lists what HF campaign data is in the CEDAR Database.
The major SuperDARN link is
http://superdarn.jhuapl.edu.
Plots of data from the 9 northern hemisphere sites are available at
http://superdarn.jhuapl.edu/cgi-bin/archive/entry_page.cgi.
Condensed line-of-sight data are available on-line for these northern
hemisphere HF radars as part of the CEDAR-TIMED data system.
Plots for the 6 southern hemisphere radars are at
http://dabs.nerc-bas.ac.uk/~nma/share_routine/Catalog.html
and at
http://www.uap.nipr.ac.jp/SD/.
Other plots for the CUTLASS radars of Hankasalmi and Pykkvibaer are available at
http://ion.le.ac.uk/cutlass/summary_plot_choose.html.
The SuperDARN HF radars are a part of the TIMED-CEDAR Data system, with access
to data back to 1993 at
http://superdarn.jhuapl.edu/timed/.
References for HF radars are
hhf (820) are HF data from the SuperDARN station at Halley,
Antarctica (75.5S, 26.6W; 61.5 magS). Halley is run by the British
Antactic Survey and has been in operation since January 1988. Its coordinates
change slightly because it floats on an ice shelf and has to be moved
sometimes. The Database contains data from 7 campaigns between 1990
and 1999.
The contact person is Michael Pinnock
(m.pinnock@bas.ac.uk;
Tel (44) 223-251534, FAX (44) 223-62616; British Antarctic Survey,
High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom).
The BAS SuperDARN website is at
http://dabs.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/uasd/instrums/share/intro.html.
Acknowledgements:
The Halley HF radar is jointly supported by the British Antarctic Survey, which is part of the
United Kingdom Natural Environment Research Council, and the National Science Foundation
Division of Polar Programs.
san (825) are HF data from the SuperDARN station at the South
African National Antarctic Expedition (SANAE) site in
Antarctica (71.68S, 2.85W; 62.0 magS). SANAE is run by the University
of Natal and the Potchefstroom University for Christelike Hoer Onderwys (PUCHE)
and has been in operation since 1997.
SANAE is westward scanning and Halley is the other HF radar for the most
direct 2-D merging of SANAE velocity data.
The Database contains data from 1 campaign in May 1999.
The contact person is David Walker
(walker@nu.ac.za;
Tel (27) 31-260-2770; FAX (27) 31-261-6550; School of Pure and Applied Physics,
University of Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa).
Acknowledgements:
The SANAE HF radar is jointly operated by the University of Natal
and the Potchefstroom University for Christelike Hoer Onderwys (PUCHE)
in South Africa. The radar was developed under funding from the South
African Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT), the UK
Natural Environment Research Council, and the US National Science
Foundation (Grant OPP-9421266). Operations are funded by DEAT.
syf (830) are HF data from the SuperDARN station at Syowa, Antarctica (69.02S, 39.56E; 64.9 magS),
operated by the National Institute of Polar Research in Japan since February 1995.
Syowa HF radar is westward scanning and Halley HF radar data are the most
direct for 2-D merging of the Syowa velocity data.
Data for one campaign in 1995 and another in 1999 are currently in
the CEDAR Database.
The Syowa SuperDARN website is at
http://www.uap.nipr.ac.jp/SD/.
The contact person is Natsuo Sato
(nsato@nipr.ac.jp;
(Tel: (81) 3-3962-4711, Fax: (81) 3-3962-5742;
National Institute of Polar Res., 9-10 Kaga 1-Chome, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173, Japan)
Acknowledgements:
The Syowa Station HF radar is operated by the National Institute of Polar
Research in Japan.
sye (831) are HF data from the SuperDARN station at Syowa-East,
Antarctica (69.02S, 39.56E; 64.9 magS),
operated by the National Institute of Polar Research in Japan since 1997.
The radar is eastward scanning and Kerguelen HF radar data are the most
direct for 2-D merging of the Syowa-East velocity data.
Data for one campaign in 1999 are currently in
the CEDAR Database.
The Syowa SuperDARN website is at
http://www.uap.nipr.ac.jp/SD/.
The contact person is Natsuo Sato
(nsato@nipr.ac.jp;
(Tel: (81) 3-3962-4711, Fax: (81) 3-3962-5742;
National Institute of Polar Res., 9-10 Kaga 1-Chome, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173, Japan)
Acknowledgements:
The Syowa Station HF radar is operated by the National Institute of Polar
Research in Japan.
kgf (835) are HF data from the SuperDARN station at Kerguelen
Island (49.35S, 70.28E; 58.9 magS),
operated by CNRS, France since July 2000.
The radar is southward scanning and Syowa-East HF radar data are the most
direct for 2-D merging of the Kerguelen velocity data.
Data for one campaign in 2000 are currently in
the CEDAR Database.
Kerguelen summary plots are available via ftp at
ftp://canopus.cnrs-orleans.fr/pub/KER/SMR-PS/.
The contact person is Jean-Paul Villain
(jvillain@cnrs-orleans.fr; Tel: (33) 38-515-287,
Fax: (33) 38-631-234; LPCE/CNR, 3A Avenue de la Recherch, 45071 Orleans Cedex 2, France).
Acknowledgements:
The Kerguelen Island HF radar is operated by CNRS/LPCE (Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique/ Laboratoire de Physique Chimie de l'Environnement) and
CNRS/CETP (Centre d'etudes des Environnements Terrestre et Planetaires) with
support from the Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers.
jul (840) are HF data from the JULIA
(Jicamarca Unattended Long-Term studies of the Ionosphere and Atmosphere)
system at Jicamarca, Peru (11.95 S, 76.87 W; 520 m alt).
The JULIA system was intended for uninterrupted observations of ionospheric and
atmospheric irregularities. JULIA shares the antenna, receiving system,
processing, etc. with the ISR, but uses different transmitters.
JULIA ionospheric irregularity data have been collected beginning in August
1996 as signal-to-noise ratios and drifts. Horizontal zonal
drifts are deduced with radar intererometry. Vertical drifts refer to
Doppler phase speeds where positive values imply upward phase propagation
in the morning and evening E-rgion electrojet (EEJ) and nighttime equatorial
Spread F (ESF) modes. Daytime 150-km (averaged over 140-170 km) echoes were observed
by JULIA starting in 2001 and
are a proxy for F-region (200-500 km) ISR drifts [Chau and Woodman, 2004].
These proxy drifts from August 2001 to the present are in the CEDAR Database. The
contact person is Jorge (Koki) Chau
(jchau@geo.igp.gob.pe;
Tel (51-1) 4364978, FAX (41-1) 4344563; Radio Observatorio de Jicamarca,
Instituto Geofisico del Peru, Aparatado 13-0207, Lima, Peru).
Acknowledgements:
The Jicamarca Radio Observatory is a facility of the
Instituto Geofisico del Peru and is operated with support from
the National Science Foundation Cooperative Agreement ATM-0432565 through Cornell University.
khf (845) are HF data from the SuperDARN station at Kapuskasing, Canada (49.39N, 82.32W; 60.5 magN),
operated by the Applied Physics Lab since July 1993. Data for 19 campaigns since
1993 are in the CEDAR Database. The
contact person is Michael Ruohoniemi (ruohoniemi@jhuapl.edu;
Tel: (240) 228-4572, Fax: (240) 228-6670; Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University,
Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD 20723-6099).
Acknowledgements:
The Kapuskasing HF radar is operated by the Applied Physics Laboratory of The
Johns Hopkins University with support from the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration and the National Science Foundation.
shf (861) are HF data from the SuperDARN station at Saskatoon, Canada (52.16N, 106.53W; 60.9 magN),
operated by the University of Saskatchewan since July 1993. Data for 19 campaigns
since 1993 are currently in the CEDAR Database.
The Saskatoon SuperDARN website is at
http://radar2.usask.ca.index.html.
The contact person is George Sofko (sofko@skisas.usask.ca;
Tel: (306) 966-6444, Fax: (306) 966-6400; Inst of Space & Atmos Studies, University of Saskatchewan,
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W0, Canada).
Acknowledgements:
The Saskatoon HF radar is operated by the University of Saskatchewan with
support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
gbf (870) are HF data from the SuperDARN station at Goose Bay, Canada (53.32N, 60.46W; 61.7 magN),
operated by the Applied Physics Lab since October 1983. Data for 30 campaigns
since 1988 are in the CEDAR Database. The
contact person is Michael Ruohoniemi (ruohoniemi@jhuapl.edu;
Tel: (240) 228-4572, Fax: (240) 228-6670; Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University,
Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD 20723-6099).
Acknowledgements:
The Goose Bay HF radar is operated by the Applied Physics Laboratory of The
Johns Hopkins University with support from the National Science Foundation.
fhf (900) are HF data from the SuperDARN station at
Hankasalmi, Finland (62.32N, 26.61E; 58.6 magN). Hankasalmi
has been operated by the University of Leicester since March 1995.
Data for 11 campaigns since 1995 are in the CEDAR Database.
The CUTLASS web site is
http://ion.le.ac.uk/cutlass/cutlass.html.
The contact person is Mark Lester
(mle@ion.le.ac.uk;
Tel (44) 0116-252-3580, FAX (44) 0116-252-3555; Radio and Space Plasma
Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester,
Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom).
Acknowledgements:
The CUTLASS (Co-operative UK Twin Located Auroral Sounding System) radars form part
of the SuperDARN (Dual Auroral Radar Network) HF project and consist of radars at
Hankasalmi, Finland and Pykkvibaer, Iceland. They are operated by the Radio and
Space Plasma Physics Group at the University of Leicester with support from the
Particle Physics and Astronomy Council, and additional support from the Finnish
Meteorological Institute and the Swedish Meteorological Institute.
whf (910) are HF data from the SuperDARN station at Stokkseyri, Iceland
(63.86N, 22.02W; 64.8 magN), Stokkseyri has been operated by CNRS, France since
June 1994. Data for 15 campaigns since 1995 are in the CEDAR Database.
The contact person is Jean-Paul Villain
(jvillain@cnrs-orleans.fr; Tel: (33) 38-515-287,
Fax: (33) 38-631-234; LPCE/CNR, 3A Avenue de la Recherch, 45071 Orleans Cedex 2, France).
Acknowledgements:
The Stokkseyri HF radar is operated by CNRS/LPCE (Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique/ Laboratoire de Physique Chimie de l'Environnement) and
CNRS/CETP (Centre d'etudes des Environnements Terrestre et Planetaires) with
support from the Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers.
ehf (911) are HF data from the SuperDARN station at
Pykkvibaer, Iceland (63.86N, 19.20E; 64.4 magN). Pykkvibaer
has been operated by the University of Leicester since 1996.
Data for 10 campaigns since 1996 are in the CEDAR Database.
The CUTLASS web site is
http://ion.le.ac.uk/cutlass/summary_plot_choose.html.
The contact person is Mark Lester
(mle@ion.le.ac.uk;
Tel (44) 0116-252-3580, FAX (44) 0116-252-3555; Radio and Space Plasma
Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester,
Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom).
Acknowledgements:
The CUTLASS (Co-operative UK Twin Located Auroral Sounding System) radars form part
of the SuperDARN (Dual Auroral Radar Network) HF project and consist of radars at
Hankasalmi, Finland and Pykkvibaer, Iceland. They are operated by the Radio and
Space Plasma Physics Group at the University of Leicester with support from the
Particle Physics and Astronomy Council, and additional support from the Finnish
Meteorological Institute and the Swedish Meteorological Institute.
The electron density profiles from the digisondes or their scaled characteristics
are available in the Standard Archiving Output (SAO) format for ionograms at
the Millstone Hill site,
at the
University of Massachusetts at Lowell website,
and via the SPIDR delivery program at the World Data Center A in Boulder, Colorado at
http://spidr.ngdc.noaa.gov.
ssd (2890) are ionosonde drift data from the station at
Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland (67.00N, 309.05E; 73.3 magN), which has been operating
since 1986.
The contact person is Bodo Reinisch
(bodo_reinisch@uml.edu;
Tel (978) 934-4903, FAX (978) 459-7915; Center for Atmospheric Research,
600 Suffolk St, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854).
Acknowledgements:
The Sondre Stromfjord Digisonde is owned and operated by the US Air Force Research
Laboratory (AFRL) at Hanscom Air Force Base. The data is analyzed, processed
and supplied by the University of Massachusetts Lowell Center for Atmospheric
Research under contract with AFRL.
qad (2930) are ionosonde drift data from the station at
Qaanaaq, Greenland (77.5N, 69.4W; 85.6 magN), which has been operating
since 1983.
The contact person is Bodo Reinisch
(bodo_reinisch@uml.edu;
Tel (978) 934-4903, FAX (978) 459-7915; Center for Atmospheric Research,
600 Suffolk St, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854).
Acknowledgements:
The Qaanaaq Digisonde is owned and operated by the US Air Force Research
Laboratory (AFRL) at Hanscom Air Force Base. The data is analyzed, processed
and supplied by the University of Massachusetts Lowell Center for Atmospheric
Research under contract with AFRL.
spf (5000) has FPI red and green line and [OH] data from South Pole, Antarctica (90S, 0E; -74.4 magN),
which has been operated by the University of Washington since 1989.
Red line data from 1989-1999 are in the CEDAR Database.
Cloud (sky) cover and auroral sightings were added from surface observations
stored in the Data Support Section (DSS) of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR).
The contact person is Gonzalo Hernandez
(hernandez@u.washington.edu;
Tel: (206) 543-9055, Fax: (206) 543-0489; Department of Earth and Space Sciences,
University of Washington, P. O. Box 351310, Seattle, WA 98195-1310, USA).
Acknowledgements:
The Amundsen-Scott South Pole Fabry-Perot Interferometric Spectrometer is operated by the
Department of Earth and Space Sciences of the University of Washington
with support from the Office of Polar Programs of the National Science Foundation.
Surface observations were supplied by the South Pole Meteorological Group.
ahf (5015) are FPI red line data from Arrival Heights, Antarctica (77.83S, 166.66E;
79.9 magS at 190.3 m above msl) near McMurdo/Scott Base. The site has been operated
by the University of Washington since 2002 with red line (~250 km) data in the CEDAR Database
from March 2002 to September 2005. Other data are from the green line, [OH] and [O2].
The contact person is Gonzalo Hernandez
(hernandez@u.washington.edu;
Tel: (206) 543-9055, Fax: (206) 543-0489; Department of Earth and Space Sciences,
University of Washington, P. O. Box 351310, Seattle, WA 98195-1310, USA).
Acknowledgements:
The Arrival Heights Antarctica Fabry-Perot Spectrometer is operated by the
Department of Earth and Space Sciences of the University of Washington with
support from the Office of Polar Programs of the National Science Foundation.
Surface observations were supplied by the Antarctic Meteorological Research
Center (AMRC) of the University of Wisconsin.
hfp (5020) are FPI red line data from Halley, Antarctica (75.5S, 26.6W; -61.5 magN),
which has been operated by the British Antarctic Survey since 1988.
Data from 1988-1998 are in the CEDAR Database.
The 1994-1995 data were replaced in 2006.
The contact person is Peter Kirsch
pjki@bas.ac.uk
mjf (5060) are FPI red line, green line and [OH] data from Mount John,
New Zealand (43.98S, 170.42E, 51.8 mlatS) which has been operated since 1991
by the University of Washington in cooperation with the University of
Canterbury and the University of Alaska.
Green line data from around 97 km is available between February 1991 and
December 1993, while [OH] data around 87 km is available February 1991
to December 1994. The red line data around 250 km is not as extensive,
with some dates between May 1991 and February 1993, and some more
between February and August in 1996.
The contact person is Gonzalo Hernandez
(hernandez@u.washington.edu;
Tel: (206) 543-9055, Fax: (206) 543-0489; Department of Earth and Space Sciences,
University of Washington, P. O. Box 351310, Seattle, WA 98195-1310, USA).
Acknowledgements:
The Mount John Fabry-Perot Interferometric Spectrometer is operated by the
Department of Earth and Space Sciences of the University of Washington
and the Department of Physics and Astronomy of the University of Canterbury,
New Zealand, in cooperation with the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska.
Support from both the National Science Foundation and the University of
Canterbury is acknowledged.
aqf (5140) are monthly averages of FPI red line data from Arequipa, Peru
(16.5S, 71.5W; -3.4 magN),
which has been operated by the University of Pittsburg and Clemson University since 1988.
Monthly averaged data from 1983-1990, and better quality nighttime
measurements from 1996-1999
are in the CEDAR Database. The contact person is John Meriwether
(john.meriwether@ces.clemson.edu;
Tel: (864) 656-0915, Fax: (864) 656-0805; Department of Physics and Astronomy,
Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0978). Acknowledgements:
The Arequipa Automatic Airglow Observatory is jointly operated by the University of
Pittsburgh and Clemson University with support from the National Science Foundation. Space and
on-site technical support are provided by the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration.
afp (5160) are FPI red line data from Arecibo, Puerto Rico (18.35N, 66.75W; 29.1 magN),
which has been operated by Cornell University since 1972. Data from 1980-1999
are in the CEDAR Database. The contact person is Craig Tepley
(craig@naic.edu; Tel: (787) 878-2612x257,
Fax: (787) 878-1861; Arecibo Observatory, P.O. Box 995, Arecibo, Puerto Rico 00612).
A web page is at
http://www.naic.edu/menuimag/atmosfer.htm.
Acknowledgements: The Arecibo Observatory is operated by Cornell University under cooperative
agreement with the National Science Foundation.
fpf (5240) are FPI red line data from Frizt Peak, Colorado, USA (39.86N, 105.52W;
48.8 magN at ~3km above msl). The site was operated by the Aeronomy Laboratory of
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Boulder Colorado from 1969 to 1985.
Two spectrometers were operated, the first for green line (~97 km) atomic oxygen
data from 1969 to 1985, and the second for red line (~240 km) atomic oxygen data
starting with tests in 1972.
Red line (~240 km) data are in the CEDAR Database from February 1973 to May 1985.
The contact person is Gonzalo Hernandez
(hernandez@u.washington.edu;
Tel: (206) 543-9055, Fax: (206) 543-0489; Department of Earth and Space Sciences,
University of Washington, P. O. Box 351310, Seattle, WA 98195-1310, USA).
Acknowledgements:
The Fritz Peak, Colorado Fabry-Perot Spectrometers were operated by the
Aeronomy Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
from 1969 to 1985.
aaf (5292) are FPI red line data from Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA (42.29N, 83.71W;
53.8 magN at 276 m above msl). The site was operated by the University of Michigan
from 1986 to 1987.
The spectrometer was the same spectrometer used at Fritz Peak, Colorado from 1972
to 1985 for red line (~240 km) atomic oxygen data.
Red line (~240 km) data are in the CEDAR Database from March 1986 to August 1987.
The contact person is Gonzalo Hernandez
(hernandez@u.washington.edu;
Tel: (206) 543-9055, Fax: (206) 543-0489; Department of Earth and Space Sciences,
University of Washington, P. O. Box 351310, Seattle, WA 98195-1310, USA).
Acknowledgements:
The Ann Arbor, Michigan Fabry-Perot Spectrometer was operated by the
University of Michigan from 1986 to 1987 with support from the National Science
Foundation.
mfp (5340) are FPI red line data from Millstone Hill, USA (42.6N, 71.5W; 53.1 magN),
which has been operated by the MIT Haystack Observatory since 1986. Data from 1989 to nearly
the present are in the CEDAR Database. The contact person is Dwight Sipler
(dps@haystack.mit.edu;
Tel: (781) 981-5626, Fax: (781) 981-0590; MIT Haystack Observatory, Westford, MA 01886).
The web page at
http://www.haystack.edu
links to the data ('Madrigal Database') and to a description of the
instrument and facility ('Optical Facility').
Acknowledgements: The Millstone Hill Fabry-Perot is supported by the National Science
Foundation.
wfp (5430) are FPI red line data from Watson Lake, Canada (60.06N, 128.58W; 64.1 magN),
which was operated by the University of Michigan between 1991 and 1993,
before it was moved to Carmen Alto, Chile.
Data from November 1991 through April 1992
are in the CEDAR Database. The contact person is Rick Niciejewski
(niciejew@umich.edu; Tel: (734) 647-3445,
Fax: (734) 763-0437; Space Physics Laboratory, University of Michigan, 2455 Hayward St,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109). Acknowledgements:
The Watson Lake Fabry-Perot is operated by the University of Michigan with
support from the National Science Foundation and the United States Air Force.
cfp (5460) are FPI red line data from College, USA (64.7N, 148.1W; 64.6 magN),
which was operated by the University of Alaska from 1981-1986.
Data between March 1981 and April 1983
are in the CEDAR Database. The contact person is Robert Sica
(sica@uwo.ca; Tel: (519) 679-3521,
Fax: (519) 661-2033; Department of Physics, The University of Western Ontario,
London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, CANADA). Acknowledgements:
The College Fabry-Perot was operated by the University of Alaska with support
from the National Science Foundation.
pkf (5465) are FPI red line data from Poker Flat, USA (65.12N, 147.43W; 65.2 magN),
which was operated by the University of Alaska since 1994.
This is an all-sky scanning imaging instrument that uses a CCD detector
separated into 47 zones over the sky. A web page is at
http://thing.pfrr.alaska.edu/conde.
Temperatures and winds are found for all zones.
The green line filter replaced the red line filter on April 12, 2002.
Red line data between January 11 and April 10, 2002
are in the CEDAR Database. The contact person is Dirk Lummerzheim
(lumm@gi.alaska.edu; Tel: (907) 474-7564,
Fax: (907) 494-7290; Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, P. O. Box 757320,
903 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK, USA). Acknowledgements:
The Poker Flat scanning imaging Fabry-Perot Spectrometer is operated by the
Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska. Initial funding came from the Aeronomy Program of the
National Science Foundation (NSF), with additional support from the joint
TIME/CEDAR program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
and NSF.
sfp (5480) are FPI red and later green line data from Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland (66.99N, 50.95W; 73.3 magN),
which is operated by the University of Michigan starting in 1983.
Red line data from 1983-1994, and 2002-2004 are in the CEDAR Database,
while green line data are available concurrently for the 2002-2003 winter.
The contact person is Rick Niciejewski
(niciejew@umich.edu; Tel: (734) 647-3445,
Fax: (734) 763-0437; Space Physics Laboratory, University of Michigan, 2455 Hayward St,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109). Acknowledgements:
The Sondre Stromfjord Fabry-Perot is operated by the University of Michigan
with support from the National Science Foundation.
ikf (5510) are FPI red and green line data from Inuvik, Canada (68.33N, 133.50W; 71.2 magN),
which was operated by the University of Alaska since 1998, with reliable data
after about February 2000.
This is a fixed-gap imaging FPI with a CCD detector, and a periscope to
look in any direction, but has been pointed vertically since February 2000.
The green line filter replaced the red line filter in November, 2001.
Good red line data between February 2000 and September 2001 are in the CEDAR Database.
Most of the green line data
between December 2001 and April 2005 are in the CEDAR Database, along with cloud
cover data added from DSS at NCAR to help choose what data are good. The web page at
http://gedds.pfrr.alaska.edu/inuvik_FPS/default.htm
shows plots and delivers the recent green line data.
The contact person is Dirk Lummerzheim
(lumm@gi.alaska.edu; Tel: (907) 474-7564,
Fax: (907) 494-7290; Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, P. O. Box 757320,
903 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK, USA). Acknowledgements:
The Inuvik fixed-gap imaging Fabry-Perot Spectrometer is operated by the
Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska in collaboration with
Environment Canada. Initial funding came from the Aeronomy Program of the
National Science Foundation (NSF), with additional support from the joint
TIME/CEDAR program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
and NSF.
rfp (5335) are FPI red line data from Resolute Bay, Canada (74.73N, 94.89W;
83.1 magN at 87 m above msl), which has been operated since 2003 by
the National Center For Atmospheric Research. The red line data from October 2003
to April 2005 are in the CEDAR Database, while green line and [OH] data are
available from the contact person. The contact person is Qian Wu
(qwu@ucar.edu; Tel: (303) 497-2176, Fax: (303) 497-1589; High Altitude Observatory,
National Center for Atmospheric Research, P. O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307, USA).
Acknowledgements:
The Resolute Bay Canada Fabry-Perot Spectrometer is operated by the High
Altitude Observatory of the National Center for Atmospheric Research with
support from the National Science Foundation. Surface observations were
supplied by Environment Canada.
tfp (5540) are FPI red line data from Thule (Qaanaaq), Greenland (76.53N, 68.44W; 84.6 magN),
which was operated intermittantly by the University of Michigan between 1984
and 1994. Data between September 1987 and March 1989
are in the CEDAR Database. The contact person is Rick Niciejewski
(niciejew@umich.edu; Tel: (734) 647-3445,
Fax: (734) 763-0437; Space Physics Laboratory, University of Michigan, 2455 Hayward St,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109). Acknowledgements:
The Thule Fabry-Perot is operated by the University of Michigan with support
from the National Science Foundation and from the Air Force Research
Laboratory, which is operated by the United States Air Force.
Former names for the Air Force Research Laboratory are: Phillips Laboratory,
Geophysics Laboratory, and the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory.
pfp (5300) are FPI green line and OH data from Peach Mountain, USA (42.4N, 83.96W; 53.6 magN),
which has been operated intermittantly by the University of Michigan since 1989.
Data from May 1993 through March 1994
are in the CEDAR Database. The contact person is Rick Niciejewski
(niciejew@umich.edu; Tel: (734) 647-3445,
Fax: (734) 763-0437; Space Physics Laboratory, University of Michigan, 2455 Hayward St,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109). Acknowledgements:
The Peach Mountain Fabry-Perot was built with funds from the College of
Engineering of the University of Michigan, and is supported by funding from
the National Science Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration.
Neutral temperatures around 87 km derived from nightglow hydroxyl OH (892 nm)
measurements are also available from IR Michelson Interferometers (MIs).
The other basic parameter is brightness. The IR Michelson
Interferometer data are listed in the
Optical Daily Listing.
Many MIs are a part of the TIMED-CEDAR Data System.
Figure 3
shows recent [OH] temperatures for March 2002 from the Sondre Stromfjord MI.
References for the Michelson Interferometer are
spm (5700) are OH data from South Pole, Antarctica (90.0S, 0.0E; 74.3 magS),
which has been operated since January 1992.
Temperature data for May 1992, and winters between 1995-1999 and 2002-2003 are in the CEDAR Database.
The contact person is
G. G. Sivjee (sivjee@db.erau.edu;
Tel: (386) 226-6711; Fax: (386) 226-6713; Physical Sciences Department,
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical university, 600 S. Clyde Morris Boulevard, Daytona
Beach, FL 32119, USA). Acknowledgements:
The South Pole Michelson Interferometer is operated by the Space Physics
Research Laboratory of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU) with
support from the Office of Polar Programs at the National Science Foundation
(NSF). It is a designated Ground Based Instrument for the TIMED satellite
mission, with additional funding from TIMED/CEDAR at NASA.
dbm (5720) are OH data from Daytona Beach, Florida, USA (29.19N, 81.05W; 40.7 magN),
which has been operated since September 1996.
Temperature data for February through August 1991 are in the CEDAR Database.
The contact person is
G. G. Sivjee (sivjee@db.erau.edu;
Tel: (386) 226-6711; Fax: (386) 226-6713; Physical Sciences Department,
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical university, 600 S. Clyde Morris Boulevard, Daytona
Beach, FL 32119, USA). Acknowledgements:
The Daytona Beach Michelson Interferometer is operated by the Space Physics
Research Laboratory of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU) with
support from ERAU. It is a designated Ground Based Instrument for the TIMED
satellite mission, with additional funding from TIMED/CEDAR at NASA.
stm (5860) are OH data from Stockholm, Sweden (59.5N, 18.2E; 55.8 magN),
which has been operated by the University of Utah and Stockholm University since
1991. Data between May 1993 and December 1994 are in the CEDAR Database.
The contact person is
Patrick Espy (p.espy@bas.ac.uk;
Tel: (44) 1223-221-255; Fax: (44) 1223-221-226; Physical Sciences Division,
British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OET,
England). Acknowledgements:
The Stockholm IR Michelson Interferometer is operated by the Utah State
University and the Meteorological Institute of Stockholm University with
support from the National Science Foundation and the University of Stockholm.
sfm (5900) are OH data from Sondrestrom Fjord, Greenland (66.99N, 50.95W; 72.9 magN),
which has been operated since September 1990.
Temperature data between September 1997 and April 2002 are in the CEDAR Database.
The contact person is
G. G. Sivjee (sivjee@db.erau.edu;
Tel: (386) 226-6711; Fax: (386) 226-6713; Physical Sciences Department,
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical university, 600 S. Clyde Morris Boulevard, Daytona
Beach, FL 32119, USA). Acknowledgements:
The Sondrestrom Fjord Michelson Interferometer is operated by the Space
Physics Research Laboratory of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU)
with support from the Aeronomy and Polar Programs at the National Science
Foundation (NSF). It is a designated Ground Based Instrument for the TIMED
satellite mission, with additional funding from TIMED/CEDAR at NASA.
rbm (5950) are OH data from Resolute Bay, Canada (74.68N, 94.90W; 83.2 magN),
which has been operated since September 1996.
Temperature data between October and December 1996, and temperature and brightness data for January 2001 are in the CEDAR Database.
The contact person is
G. G. Sivjee (sivjee@db.erau.edu;
Tel: (386) 226-6711; Fax: (386) 226-6713; Physical Sciences Department,
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical university, 600 S. Clyde Morris Boulevard, Daytona
Beach, FL 32119, USA). Acknowledgements:
The Resolute Bay Michelson Interferometer is operated by the Space Physics
Research Laboratory of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU) with
support from ERAU and the Office of Polar Programs at the National Science
Foundation (NSF). It is a designated Ground Based Instrument for the TIMED
satellite mission, with additional funding from TIMED/CEDAR at NASA.
eum (5980) are OH data from Eureka, Canada (80.22N, 86.18W; 88.4 magN),
which has been operated since October 1992.
Temperature data between October and November 1994 are in the CEDAR Database.
The contact person is
G. G. Sivjee (sivjee@db.erau.edu;
Tel: (386) 226-6711; Fax: (386) 226-6713; Physical Sciences Department,
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical university, 600 S. Clyde Morris Boulevard, Daytona
Beach, FL 32119, USA). Acknowledgements:
The Eureka Michelson Interferometer is operated by the Space Physics
Research Laboratory of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU) with
support from ERAU and the Office of Polar Programs at the National Science
Foundation (NSF). It is a designated Ground Based Instrument for the TIMED
satellite mission, with additional funding from TIMED/CEDAR at NASA.
[OH] rotational temperatures from the hydroxyl nightglow around 87 km (+/-2 km)
have been measured starting in 1980 by the Czerny-Turner (CZT) grating spectrometer
in Wuppertal, Germany in the form of nightly temperature averages.
The Davis, Antarctica CZT
scanning spectrophotometer started taking approximately hourly temperatures
of [OH(6,2)] in 1990,
with data approximately every 7 minutes in the night starting in 1997.
The dates with available nighttime [OH] spectrometer temperatures are
listed in the
Optical Daily Listing.
dvs (3010) are neutral nighttime mesospheric temperatures from
ratios of the hydroxyl [OH(6-2)] band from
the Davis, Antarctica (68.48S, 77.97E; 81.7 magS) Czerny-Turner
scanning spectrophotometer. The
spectrophotometer was in campaign operation March to October 1990 and April
to August 1994, and has had continuous winter operations since March 1995.
Temperatures are derived as a weighted average of rotational temperatures
from the 3 ratios of P1(2)/P1(4), P1(2)/P1(5) and P1(4)/P1(5) from consecutive
scans. Initially, scans were about 11 min each, and 5 scans were
averaged together for a time cadence of almost 1 hour. Since 1997, scans
are about 7 min apart, and consecutive scans are interpolated for
values approximately every 14 min.
Nighttime temperature averages are also available.
The website is
http://its-db.aad.gov.au/proms/public/report_project_public.cfm?project_no=701.
The AADC (Australian Antarctic Divisions Data Center) contains the data and
descriptions under the project number ASAC (Australian Science Advisory
Committee) 701 at:
http://aadc-db.antdiv.gov.au/cgi-bin/zgate?present+21254+Default+1+1+F+1.2.840.10003.5.1000.34.10+Davis_OH_airglow.
The contact person is
John French
(john.french@aad.gov.au;
Tel: (+61) 3-62-323-480; Fax: (+61) 3-62-323-496;
Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, 7050,
Tasmania, Australia).
Acknowledgements:
The Davis Czerny-Turner scanning spectrophotometer is operated by members
of the Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition and supported
by the Antarctic Science Advisory Committee and the Australian Antarctic
Division.
wup (3320) are nightly [OH] rotational neutral temperature averages from
Wuppertal, Germany (51.3N, 7.2E; 47.6 magN) measured by the Czerny-Turner grating
spectrometer.
Rotational temperatures are derived from the relative intensities
of three wavelengths approximately every 90 sec. The spectrometer has been
operated by the University of Wuppertal
(
http://www.grips.uni-wuppertal.de)
since 1980 with a gap in 1985-1986. Nightly average temperatures between
July 1980 and Dec 2006 are in the CEDAR Database.
The contact person is
Peter Knieling
(knieling@uni-wuppertal.de;
Tel: (49) 202-439-2749; Fax: (49) 202-439-2680; Physics Department (D 07.07),
University of Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany).
Acknowledgements:
The Wuppertal OH Spectrometer is operated by the University of Wuppertal.
Brightness is the basic parameter for imagers.
Some nightly rotational temperatures from [OH] around 87 km and from
[O2] around 94 km from the
Mesospheric Temperature Mapper are in the CEDAR Database, but
other image data are not in digital form in the Database, and so they do
not appear in the inventory listing. The data reside with the
contact person. Usually, only a catalogue of dates is available,
but there are video tapes at the Database from the imager at Millstone Hill.
However, CEDAR/TIMED imagers will be included in FITS format as part of the
CEDAR Database in the future.
References for imagers and all-sky cameras are
mtm (7191) is the code for the Utah State University
Mesospheric Temperature Mapper (MTM), a CCD imager with a 75 degree
field of view that measures the hydroxyl [OH] Meinel
and the [O2] nightglow and rotational temperatures.
Three wavelengths (a doublet and a background wavelength) are
used to determine the rotational temperature of [OH] (from 840.0 nm and 846.5 nm)
and [O2] (from 866.0 nm and 868.0 nm).
Nightly averages of [OH] temperatures for nights with at least 4 hours of observations
were determined for 64 of 145 nights when the MTM was was located
at Fort Collins, Colorado (40.590N, 105.140W; 49.7 magN).
The MTM was upgraded to add an [O2] filter for emissions peaking around 94 km,
and then moved to Maui, Hawaii (20.75N, 156.24W; 21.8 magN),
where average (1 or more hours) nighttime [OH] and [O2] temperatures
and brightnesses have been made available to the CEDAR-TIMED team and the
CEDAR Database since January 2002.
A list of observing nights for the MTM while it was at Fort Collins,
and also when it was at Bear Lake, Utah (41.933 N, 111.417 W; 49.9 magN),
are given in the
Mesospheric Temperature Mapper Listing.
The Maui observing dates are listed in the
Combined Daily Listing for Optical Instruments,
along with the Fort Collins nights with at least 4 hours of good observations.
The contact person is
Michael Taylor (
mtaylor@cc.usu.edu;
Tel: (435) 797-3919; Fax: (435) 797-2992; Center for Atmospheric
and Space Sciences,
Utah State University, 4405 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4405, USA).
Acknowledgements:
The Utah State University Mesospheric Temperature Mapper is operated by the
Utah State University with support from the National Science Foundation.
usi (7190) is the code for the Utah State University CCD imager.
From Oct 6-23, 1993 during the Aloha'93 campaign, the USU imager
measured OH, O2(0,1), OI, and Na nightglow emissions over Hawaii
(20N, 155W; 20.6 magN). These data are available from
Michael Taylor
(mtaylor@cc.usu.edu).
Acknowledgements:
The Utah State University CCD Imager is operated by the Utah State
University with support from the National Science Foundation.
mhi (7200, 7240) are the codes for the Boston University Mobile
Ionospheric Observatory (MIO) imaging system (7200) which ran from
April 1985 to June 1989, and the CEDAR Imager (7240) which started
in September 1989. Both imagers were/are located at Millstone Hill
(42.6N, 71.5W; 53.1 magN). Video tapes of images from July 1987 to
September 1994 are available at the CEDAR Database. The original data and
other periods can be obtained from Michael Mendillo
(mendillo at bu.edu).
A complete list of observing and calibration dates
for this and other optical instruments run by
Boston University are located on the web at
http://www.buimaging.com/.
On-line images include 557.7 and 630 nm all-sky imager data
at Millstone Hill Massachusetts from 2001-2006, at Arecibo Puerto Rico from
2002-2005, and 630 nm images from El Leoncito Argentina from 2000-2003.
Acknowledgements:
The CEDAR Imager is operated at Millstone Hill by Boston University
with support from the National Science Foundation.
sfi (7480) is the code for the Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland
(66.99N, 50.95W; 72.9 magN),
All-Sky Imager (ASI) which was turned over to SRI International in 1999.
Previously, the imager was operated at Sondre Stromfjord by Steve Mende
(mende@ssl.berkeley.edu).
The ASI observations since 1999 are available on the web at
http://isr.sri.com/instruments/allsky
as JPEG renderings
of all available raw images, as well as summary MPEG movie loops.
The imager operates whenever the
solar zenith angle is greater than 105 degrees and the moon is down, regardless
of the weather.
The filters used and the UT days where there are any images is listed in the
Sondrestrom All-Sky Imager Listing.
The contact person is
Rick Doe (
rick.doe@sri.com;
Tel: (650) 859-2165; Fax: (650) 322-2318; SRI International,
Center for Geospace Studies, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA).
Acknowledgements:
The Sondre Stromfjord all-sky imager is supported by the National Science
Foundation.
qac (7580), lnc (7591, 7600) and noc (7610) are the codes for the
all-sky cameras at Qaanaaq, Greenland (7580) (77.5N, 69.2W; 85.5 magN),
at Longyearbyen, Svalbard (7591) (78.2N, 15.4E; 75.1 magN), at
Ny Alesund, Svalbard (7600) (78.9N, 12.0E; 76.0 magN), and
at Nord, Greenland (7610) (81.60N, 16.6W; 80.8 magN).
These all-sky cameras are operated by the Air Force Research Laboratory
at Hanscom Air Force Base in Massachusetts. The camera at Longyearbyen
was moved to Ny Alesund in February 1984. All the film files are
available from Katsura Fukui
(fukui@plh.af.mil).
The
All-Sky Camera Listing
gives the dates of the film files from Qaanaaq and Ny Alesund (1983-1991),
and from Nord (1989-1991). A 'D' or an 'F' next to the Qaanaaq listing
indicates if there were digisonde or Fabry-Perot data available in the
CEDAR Database.
Acknowledgements:
The Qaanaaq and Nord all-sky cameras are operated by the Danish Meteorological
Institute and owned by the US Air Force Research Laboratory at Hanscom Air
Force Base.
The Ny Alesund all-sky camera is operated by the University of Oslo and owned by
the US Air Force Research Laboratory at Hanscom Air Force Base.
uil (6300) are Rayleigh/sodium and iron lidar data taken with the
University of Illinois lidar. The sodium lidar operated in January-April, 1989
during the AIDA campaign at Arecibo (18.35N, 66.75W; 29.1 magN) and flew in a
plane over Hawaii (20N, 155W; 20.6 magN) during the ALOHA'90 campaign in March and April.
The iron lidar was operating at Urbana, Illinois (40.1N, 88.1W; 51.2 magN)
during October 1989 and March 1991 to August 1992. The lidar was then operated
at Illinois using 2 or 3 wavelengths during the day and night from October
1995 to April 1998 before it was moved to the Starfire Optical Range in May
1998. Days of data in the CEDAR Database are listed in the
Optical Daily Listing.
The University of Illinois lidar and imager site is
http://eosl.csl.uiuc.edu/,
and shows plots from special campaigns like ALOHA'93 and the Starfire Optical
Range.
The contact person is Chester Gardner
(cgardner@uiuc.edu;
Tel (217) 333-4682, FAX (217) 333-4303; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
315 CSRL, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801-2307).
Acknowledgements:
The University of Illinois CEDAR lidar is operated by the University of
Illinois with support from the National Science Foundation.
csl (6320) are sodium lidar data taken with the Colorado State
University lidar located at Fort Collins, Colorado (40.59N, 105.14W;
49.5 magN). The lidar first operated in 1990 using 2 frequencies to get
the sodium density and the neutral temperature. In 2001, 3 frequencies
were used to obtain the neutral line-of-sight velocity. With 2 telescopes,
and assuming zero vertical winds, then both components of the horizontal
neutral wind can be obtained. In April 2002, daytime observations
were begun using a Faraday filter. The CEDAR Database contains older
data from 1993, and the new data beginning in January 2002 for the
CEDAR/TIMED mission. These dates are listed in the
Optical Daily Listing.
The Colorado State University lidar and imager site is
http://lamar.colostate.edu/~lidar.
The operational dates for the lidar are listed in the
Colorado State University Lidar Listing,
where an asterisk indicates overlap with observations from the Utah State
University Mesospheric Temperature Mapper.
These dates are also listed on the web at
http://cedarweb.hao.ucar.edu/instruments/csldates.html
with their beginning and end times.
The nightly photofiles of 417 of these dates between March
1990 and March 1999 have been
smoothed with Hanning Windows in the vertical to derive the temperature
at 87+/-1.85 km from the lidar for comparison with [OH] optical instruments.
These 417 nights were also ordered in day number and smoothed to derive
climatological temperatures and sodium densities as a function of height
for every day of the year. The climatological year is taken to be 1995,
since it is in the midpoint of the data set.
The contact person is Chiao-Yao She
(joeshe@lamar.colostate.edu;
Tel (970) 491-7947, FAX (970) 491-6261; Physics Department,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523).
A web site is located at
http://lamar.colostate.edu/~lidar.
Acknowledgements:
The Colorado State University sodium lidar is operated by the Colorado State
University with support from the National Science Foundation.
usl (6330) are Rayleigh lidar data taken with the Utah State
University lidar located at Logan, Utah (41.74N, 111.81W;
49.6 magN). The lidar started operations in August 1993, with relatively
regular operations up to the present except between April 1997 and May 1998.
A single test night for 13 October 1998 is in the CEDAR Database and is listed in the
Optical Daily Listing.
The contact person is Vincent Wickwar
(wickwar@aeronomy.cass.usu.edu;
Tel (435) 797-3641, FAX (435) 797-2992; Center for Atmospheric and Space
Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4405).
The web site is at
http://www.usu.edu/alo.
Acknowledgements:
The Utah State University Rayleigh lidar is operated by the Utah State
University with support from the National Science Foundation.
p4p (4470) produce estimated values of the auroal energy flux, mean
auroral energy, and the multiplicative factor for [O] in a MSIS model during
clear nighttime auroral conditions at Poker Flat (65.12N, 147.43W; 65.4 magN).
Plots from the instrument are generated each day are are available at
http://gedds.pfrr.alaska.edu/aerospace/pokerflatdata.
The contact person is James Hecht
(james.hecht@aero.org;
Tel (310) 336-7017, FAX (310) 336-1636; The Aerospace Corporation,
Space and Environment Technical Center, M2-259, P. O. Box 92957, Los Angeles,
CA 90009-1055, USA.)
Acknowledgements:
The Aerospace 4 channel filter photometer at Poker Flat, Alaska
was developed and supported by the Aerospace Technical Investment
Program and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
y4p (4473) is the 4-channel photometer at Fort Yukon, Alaska
(66.57N, 147.27W; 66.9 magN). It produces the same information as
the instrument at Poker Flat.
Plots from the instrument are generated each day are are available at
http://gedds.pfrr.alaska.edu/aerospace/fortyukondata.
The contact person is James Hecht
(james.hecht@aero.org;
Tel (310) 336-7017, FAX (310) 336-1636; The Aerospace Corporation,
Space and Environment Technical Center, M2-259, P. O. Box 92957, Los Angeles,
CA 90009-1055, USA.)
Acknowledgements:
The Aerospace 4 channel filter photometer at Fort Yukon, Alaska
was developed and supported by the Aerospace Technical Investment
Program and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
The Arecibo and Poker Flat MST radars measure the basicS
parameters of the line-of-sight neutral winds and a measure of
the turbulence (spectral width or velocity spread). Arecibo has
high resolution measurements between 6 and 21 km, while Poker
Flat hourly averages are between approximately 5 and 120 km,
with a gap between about 30 and 50 km.
References for MST radars are
arm (1040) are 1 min MST data from the March-May 1989 AIDA campaign at
Arecibo, Puerto Rico (18.35N, 66.75W; 29.1 magN). Arecibo MST Radar was
operated by Cornell University since 1979. Data from 1989 is currently in
the CEDAR Database.
The contact person is Mike Sulzer
(msulzer@naic.edu;
Tel (787) 878-2612x258, FAX (787) 878-1861; Arecibo Observatory, PO Box 995,
Arecibo, Puerto Rico 00612).
A description of the site is at
http://www.naic.edu/aomenu.htm.
Acknowledgements:
The Arecibo Observatory is operated by Cornell University under cooperative
agreement with the National Science Foundation.
pkr (1140) are hourly MST data from Poker Flat, Alaska (65.13N,147.46W;
65.2 magN). Poker Flat was operated between February 1979 and June 1985 by the Aeronomy
Laboratory at NOAA in Boulder. This is the data that is currently in
the CEDAR Database. The University of Alaska then operated Poker Flat
from 1985 to 1987, after which it was torn down.
The contact person is David Carter
(dcarter@al.noaa.gov;
Tel (303) 497-5476, FAX (303) 497-5373; NOAA Aeronomy Lab,
Mail Stop R/E/AL3, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303).
Acknowledgements:
The Poker Flat MST radar was operated by the NOAA (National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration) Aeronomy Laboratory with support from the National
Science Foundation.
The neutral wind data from the MF, LF and meteor wind radars in the Data
Base are averaged over several days and analyzed in terms of harmonics.
Derived parameters of the harmonic analyses of the neutral
winds are available for LTCS-1 (Sep 21-25, 1987), LTCS-2 (Dec
Ionospheric Doppler Radars
The Jicamarca Unattended Long-Term studies of the Ionosphere and Atmosphere (JULIA)
system is an HF ionospheric doppler radar to study ionospheric and atmospheric
irregularities with basic parameters of signal-to-noise and drift velocity.
Only the proxy F-region ion drifts from the 150-km echoes are in the CEDAR Database.
Chau, J. L. and R. F. Woodman, (2004), Daytime vertical and zonal velocities
from 150-km echoes: Their relevance to F-region dynamics, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 31, doi:10.1029/2004GL020800.
Greenwald, R. A., K. B. Baker, R. A. Hutchins, and C. Hanuise, An HF
phased-array radar for studying small-scale structure in the high-latitude
ionosphere, Radio Sci., 20, 63-79, 1985.
Greenwald, R. A. et al., DARN/SUPERDARN, a global view of the dynamics
of high-latitude convecton, Space Science Reviews, 71, 761-796, 1995.
Ruohoniemi, J. M., R. A. Greenwald, K. B. Baker, and J. P. Villain, Drift
motions of small-scale irregularities in the high-latitude F region: An
experimental comparison with plasma drift motions, J. Geophys. Res., 92,
4553-4564, 1987.
Digisondes
Ion drift data from the Qaanaaq and Sondre Stromfjord Digisondes are
available for most days in 1993, with Qaanaaq data also available
in 1989. The velocity vector is a derived parameter from a
least-squares fit of a Fourier analysis of scattering from many
irregularities in the F region of the ionosphere.
A list of digisonde stations and contact people is located at
http://ulcar.uml.edu/slist.htm,
including a link to the digisonde at Millstone Hill at
http://digisonde.haystack.edu.
References are
Bibl, K. and B. W. Reinisch, The universal digital ionosonde, Radio Sci.,
13, 519-530, 1978.
Scali, J. L., B. W. Reinisch, C. J. Heinselman and T. W. Bullett, Coordinate
Digisonde and incoherent scatter radar F region drift measurements at Sondre
Stromfjord, Radio Sci., 30, 1481-1498, 1995.
Optical Instruments
All optical instruments measure or rely on photocounts or emissions.
Many optical instruments measure the day or night glow of emissions
from an observing species as it goes from one excited state to another.
Typically, an emission layer is several km thick so the measured emission
represents an average over the layer. These optical instruments can usually
change the filters they use to measure different atmospheric species that
are located at different heights. Most species are neutral so emissions are
related to the neutral density of the obseving species, and other derived
parameters can include neutral temperatures and winds. Typical observing
species are the red line of atomic oxygen around 250 km, the green line of
excited atomic oxygen around 97 km, the IR hydroxyl [OH] emission around 87 km,
and the [O2] emission around 94 km.
Other optical instruments are simple all-sky cameras that take photographs
of auroral emissions. These are all passive optical instruments. However,
lidars are very sophisticated optical instruments that send out laser beams
of particular wavelengths to excite various species, and retrieve the
photocounts over a range of heights with very good vertical height resolution
like radars.
Fabry-Perot Interferometers
The basic parameters for Fabry-Perot interferometers (FPI) are
brightness (often uncalibrated), neutral temperature, and line-of-sight
neutral winds. Derived parameters are vector neutral
winds. Of the 15 Fabry-Perots in the CEDAR Database, 14 use the
atomic oxygen red line measurements at 630 nm, and so are a measure of conditions
around 200-300 km.
Peach Mountain has measurements of the atomic oxygen green line at
557.7 nm around 97 km (+/-10-15km) and OH (892 nm) measurements
around 87 km, while Mt John has observations at all 3 filters.
The two CEDAR-TIMED FPI's at Poker Flat and Inuvik started looking at
the red line, but both currently look at the green line around 97 km
to better coordinate with TIMED instrument observations.
The
Optical Daily Listing
shows all the mostly nightly data from the Fabry-Perot Interferometers, Lidars,
and [OH] measuring instruments
in the CEDAR Database, although the listing for Arequipa between 1983 and 1990
are monthly averaged quiet-time winds.
A 'D' in the list indicates that there are also
ion drift Digisonde data available for that site in the Database.
References are
Hernandez, G., Fabry-Perot Interferometers, Cambridge University
Press, 343 pp, 1986.
Jacka, F., Application of Fabry-Perot spectrometers for measurement of upper
atmosphere temperatures and winds, Handbook for MAP, Vol. 13, 19-40,
1984.
IR Michelson Interferometers
Espy, P. J., W. R. Pendleton, Jr., G. G. Sivjee and M. P. Fetrow, Vibrational
development of the N2+ Meinel band system in the aurora, J. Geophys. Res.,
92, 11,257-11,261, 1987.
Sivjee, G. G. and R. M. Hamwey, Temperature and chemistry of the polar
mesopause OH, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 4663-4672, 1987.
Figure 3: Neutral temperatures around 87 km from the [OH] (3,1)
band from Sondre Stromfjord during March, 2001. The dotted line is
the time of local midnight.
Spectrometers
Airglow Imagers and All-Sky Cameras
Fukui, K., J. Buchau, and C. E. Valladeres, Convection of polar cap
patches observed at Qaanaaq, Greenland during the winter of 1989-1990,
Radio Sci., 29, 231-248, 1994.
Mendillo, M., J. Baumgardner, J. Aarons, J. Foster, and J. Klobuchar,
Coordinated optical and radio studies of ionospheric disturbances: Initial
results from Millstone Hill, Annales Geophysicae, 5A, 543-550, 1987.
Valladares, C. E., H. C. Carlson Jr., and K. Fukui, Interplanetary
magnetic field dependency of stable sun-aligned polar cap arcs, J. Geophys.
Res., 99, 6247-6272, 1994.
Lidar
The lidar basic parameters are photocounts, relative neutral
number density from Rayleigh lidars, or sodium or iron density depending on
the wavelength used. If two wavelengths are used, neutral temperatures can
be derived, and if three, then line-of-sight winds can be derived
from the lidar. Temperatures and vertical winds are available in the CEDAR
Database from 1996-1998 from the sodium lidar at Urbana between about
80 and 105 km. A similar height range of temperatures is
available from the Fort Collins sodium lidar, while the the
Logan Rayleigh lidar gives temperatures from about 45 to 90 km.
Six articles in a special issue on LIDAR applications are located in
Proceedings of the IEEE, 77, pp. 408-490, March, 1989.
A list of all current lidars is maintained
by ICLAS (International Coordination-group on Laser Atmospheric Studies) at Hampton
University at
http://iclas.hamptonu.edu.
4-Channel Photometers
The 4-channel photometer basic parameters are photocounts from
the 4 channels corresponding to: N2+ 1NG (427.8 nm), OI (630.0 nm),
OI (844.6 nm), and N2 1PG (871.0 nm). The N2+ blue channel is directly
related to the auroral electron enery flux, while various ratios of other
channels are related to the auroral electron mean energy and the amount
of atomic oxygen in a model atmosphere, which are all derived
parameters. References for the technique are found in
Hecht, J. H., A. B. Christensen, D. J. Strickland, R. R. Meier,
Deducing composition and incident electron spectra from ground-based
auroral optical measurements: Variations in oxygen density, J. Geophys.
Res., 94, 13,553-13,563, 1989.
Strickland, D. J., R. R. Meier, J. H. Hecht and A. B. Christensen,
Deducing composition and incident electron spectra from ground-based
auroral optical measurements: Theory and model results, J. Geophys.
Res., 94, 13,527-13,539, 1989.
Middle Atmosphere Radars
Middle atmosphere radars include MST radars, MF radars (partial
reflection), LF radars, meteor wind radars and ST radars with
MEDAC (Meteor Echo Detection And Collection) systems. The
Operational Listing for MLT Radars
lists the months that MLT data is available in the CEDAR Database.
Six of the 22 MLT radars have only limited campaign data in the Database,
so much more data are available from the contact persons.
MST radars have both a large altitude range and high time resolution data,
but MF or meteor wind radars usually find neutral winds between about 75
and 110 km, and average over several days to get meaningful results
which are harmonically analyzed. There are several MLT radars coordinated
for the TIMED-CEDAR community by Scott Palo
(palo@colorado.edu;
Tel (303) 492-4289, FAX (303) 492-7881; University of Colorado,
Aerospace Engineering Department, 429 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309).
Scott Palo calculates sliding 4-day harmonic analyses from original
hourly wind data. The web site is at
http://sisko.colorado.edu/TIMED, while the
harmonic analyses are also available at
http://www.timed.jhuapl.edu/register/index.html,
which is the TIMED Mission Data Center at the Applied Physics Laboratory.
The harmonic analyses are also available in the CEDAR Database, along
with the winds that went to create these analyses from some of the radars.
Acknowledgements for the TIMED-CEDAR Harmonic Analysis :
The MLT radar data analysis effort is funded by the National Science
Foundation (NSF) TIMED-CEDAR program grant number ATM-0000956.
MST Radars
Balsley, B.B., W.L. Ecklund, D.A. Carter, and P.E. Johnson, The MST radar at
Poker Flat, Alaska, Radio Sci., 15, 213-223, 1980.
Hardy, K.R. and K.S. Gage, The history of radar studies of the clear
atmosphere, chapter 17 of Radar in Meteorology, editor D. Atlas, Am.
Meteorological Soc., Boston, 130-142, 1990.
Rottger, J., The MST radar technique, Handbook for MAP, Vol. 13,
187-232, 1984.
MF Radars